
Class JlS_3JX_^ 

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C.OEKRIGHT DEPOS1E 



U. S. SERVICE RECORD 







'Ike 

"HONOR ROLL" 

ana 

OUR FAMILY'S 

PART IN THE 

WORLD WAR 

• • • 



Cheers for the living 
Tears for the dead. 




THE HONOR ROLL 



OUR FAMILY'S 
PART IN THE 

GREAT WORLD WAR 

TOGETHER WITH A DETAILED SUMMARY, OFFICIAL 

AND GENERAL, OF THE MOST IMPORTANT 

EVENTS FROM 1914 TO 1919 

A BOOK FOR REFERENCE 
A BOOK TO REVERENCE 



A 

Souvenir and Personal Record 

of 

Our Contributions 

at 

Home and Abroad 

to 

Make the World Free; 

with a 

CONDENSED HISTORY of the 

MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS 



2 
©CI.A570604 



ipotratpo to tlje 

r-ra, Htnra auo !§>utr*%artB 

of "GDur tBoya" 

auo to all oiljrr 

Stoopra of our (Country. 

wljo did tljrir 
butg at Home or Abroad 



MAJOR A. M. WHEELER 

Nashville. Tennessee 

1919 



PREFACE 

This souvenir collection of valuable war facts was originally designed as a 
family or personal record to be filled either by the family or by its representative 
abroad. 

The Armistice made it advisable to add to it attractive and interesting 
official facts and general information not contained in the war histories, but 
valuable now for reference and especially so for those who are to come after us. 

A very careful examination of the contents will assure the reader that it is 
a work that should be preserved in every home and library, especially by every 
one that had a friend or representative in war work, but more especially by every 
loyal family. 

It also contains General Pershing's reports of the operations and battles in 
France, the most attractive summary of the statistical division specially pre- 
pared for the War Department covering America's entrance, its immense prep- 
arations, organization, successful battles, the results of the war, losses, etc., 
to all nations engaged, including what we did in war work at home. 

A NEW MAP OF EUROPE, IN COLORS, GIVING OLD AND NEW BOUNDARIES OF 
ALL NATIONS, WILL ACCOMPANY EACH BOOK. 






TABLE OF CONTENTS 


3-8 


Dedication, Preface, Photographs 


Personal Record of our Family's Representatives, Discharge and 


Our Creed 


12 


Why We Went to War 


12 




13 


Why All Church Forces Were Active During the World War 


. .14 


Selective Draft 


15 


Men Furnished By Each State 


16 


Training Camp Locations 


17 




.. .19 


Organization in France 


19 


Combat Divisions and Losses 


21 


Other Divisions and Casualties 


22 


Casualties Classified By Arms 


23 


Airplanes and Other Items 


. .23 


Interesting Facts From Official Reports... 


25 




25 


Army Health, Medical Service 


27 


Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech, "In Flanders Field" by Col. McCrea.'... 


28 




29 


Marine Corps 


30 




35 


Interesting Official Events and Summary of all Battles. . . 


.36-48 


Casualties of all U. S. Wars, from the Revolution to the Worl 
War, Inclusive 


3 

48-49 
if 
.50-52 


Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, Rumania, Canada, German 
Official Reports, Casualties, Expenses, etc 


World's Indebtedness, Damages, Boy Scouts, Home Guards 


52-53 
.54-60 


Salvation Army, Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., Knights of Columbus, 
Jewish Welfare, Red Cross of America 


Humor in Letters Received at War Department 


61 


Awards, Allotments, Insurance 


61 


Food for Starving Europe — Hoover 


62 


Curious Names On Army Rolls 


62 


Chronology — Events of Entire War, from 1914 to 1919 


63 


General Pershing's Complete Report of Army Operations in France, 


Commanders of Corps, Divisions, Brigades (A. E. F.) 


75 


Our Dead in Foreign Cemeteries 


77 


Summary of Casualties of American Expeditionary Forces 


78 


30 Blank Pages for Clipping and Writing, Personal Experiences, Etc. 





The following prepared before the Armistice for the exclusive family record 
of those having representatives in the Army or Navy may be of service now . 

Everyone in service, or his or her friends, should obtain and preserve the 
history of the organization to which they belonged. 

This Souvenir Record of Your Family Contribution to the Great World War should be filled 
carefully and correctly, because in future years you and others will refer to it with pride and satis- 
faction that you performed your duty whatever may have been your sacrifice, failure or success. 

The blank pages should be filled not only with names in full, age, sex, residence, of those at 
the front, but of those at home working for the U. S. and the Allies, their parents, sisters and 
brothers and ancestors might be included. 

The cantonment or camp, or place of service originally entered, with date, names of officers, 
or comrades, company, battalion, regiment, division, etc., may be of future value. 

The dates and places of entraining, names of railroads, steamers used in traveling to and in 
service, arrival at destinations, etc., should be noted. 

Assignment to duty, experiences in the trenches or in different battles or kinds of service, with 
names of engagements (location if possible), officers, comrades, or friends, should be obtained and 
entered. 

Contributions or purchases by any of the family of Liberty Bonds, War Savings Stamps, etc.. 
and all work in war organizations will be found interesting now and of service in the future. This 
record may be of great value to you or yours and also to the Government in settling claims, dif- 
ferences, insurance, pensions, or losses. 

Clippings from newspapers, extracts from letters, memoranda, special histories of events refer- 
ring to you or yours, promotions, photos, etc., added will make a priceless souvenir and history of 
your loved heroes fighting abroad, or working for the freedom of the world in any place or capacity. 
No other souvenir or history will be so highly prized as this personal one by your descendants. 
// will become a family heirloom for generations. 

Write everything plainly with good ink, without erasing, so that it may endure. 

If you have no relatives or descendants to leave this history with, donate it to your local 
library. Should you change your present residence, see that your address is left behind or thi9 
souvenir safely kept. Many public libraries are contemplating giving space for genealogical records 
and will be pleased to receive it. 

The U. S. will doubtless in the future have a registration of every person, when this little book 
may be of value and service. 

In filling it out, read carefully the foregoing and omit nothing of importance. Remember that 
rolls and lists of the U. S. employees are frequently destroyed or lost. 

After this War there will be a great organization formed of survivors— greater than the Grand 
Army of the Republic, the Loyal Legion, the United Confederate Veterans, the Woman's Relief 
Corps, the Daughters of the Confederacy, the D. A. R., the Colonial Dames and similar patriotic 
organizations combined, when this little souvenir may be, if properly kept, evidence of your eligi- 
bility for membership. 

Many large volumes by various historians, with hundreds of maps, will be required to fully 
describe the Great World's War. Thousands of books of stories and incidents are being written 
and will be printed. Novels of every variety will be issued. But none will so appeal to you and 
yours, or stir your hearts and arouse your interest and pride, as this true record of those near or 
dear to you, fighting or working for the freedom of the world. 

Collect all the records possible to fill these pages, in order that they may be a precious object 
of reverence and reference for you and those that come after you. 



U. S. SERVICE RECORD OF 



Name . 



Residence when 
entering service. 



Occupation 
Age 



Where Born . 






Copy or paste here the original of any official 
cards or notices referring to the selective draft. 



Father 



RELATIVES 



Age, where born, etc. 



Wife. 



Maiden name, parents and date of marriage 



Mother ■_ 



Maiden name, parents and date of marriage 



Residence _ 
Birthplace- 



Grandfather. 



Grandmother 



Maiden name and parents 



OTHER RELATIVES 

Name Residence 



If any relatives served in other Wars, mention that fact. 



10 



OFFICIAL DISCHARGE 

Copy here original Discharge from Service or attach it to this sheet. The 
original may be lost or destroyed. A copy may be valuable in the future, cer- 
tainly interesting and prized in coming years. A photograph of it, reduced 
size, would be advisable. 

SOLDIER'S BATTLE RECORD 

Official Order, A. E. F., January 4, 1919 

A record of all engagements participated in will be entered upon the service 
record of each enlisted man. This record will be transferred to the soldier's 
discharge certificate. 

Combat activities are classified under two general headings: Major opera- 
tions, during war of movements, and other participations in battle operations. 

Major operations, during war of movement: This class of operations con- 
sists of the concerted action of several large units in offensive or defensive warfare. 

The following is a list of thirteen recognized major operations in which 

Americans participated. 

A pproximate 
Number of 
A mericans 
West Front, Campaign of 1917: Engaged 

Cambrai Nov. 20th to Dec. 4th 

West Front, Campaign of 1918: 

German Offensives Mar. 21st to July 18th 

Somme Mar. 21st to April 6th 2,200 

Lys April 9th to April 27th 500 

Aisne May 27th to June 5th 27,500 

Noyon, Montdidier June 9th to June 15th 27,000 

Champagne, Marne July 15th to July 18th T.. 85,000 

Allied Offensives, July 18th to Nov. 11th, 1918: 

Aisne, Marne July 18th to Aug. 6th 270,000 

Somme Aug. 8th to Nov. 11th 54,000 

Oisne, Aisne Aug. 18th to Nov. 11th 85,000 

Ypres, Lys Aug. 19th to Nov. 11th 108,000 

St. Mihiel Sept. 12th to Sept. 16th 550,000 

Meuse, Argonne Sept. 20th to Nov. 11th » 12,000 

Italian Front, Campaign of 1918: 
Vittorio, Veneto Oct. 24th to Nov. 4th _ 12,000 

Every soldier present for duty with division in above battles will have his 
name recorded and record also placed upon the back of his discharge officially. 

Entries of the above operations will be made on the service record, titles 
being used exactly as given above with dates during which the organization was 
engaged. 

A soldier is considered to have taken part in a major operation if he was 
present for duty with his organization, division, or separate unit while the organ- 
ization was engaged in the operation. 

In the case of army or corps troops the entry will be made in the same man- 
ner with the additional words "Army Troops" or " Corps Troops " in parentheses 
after the designation of the engagement. 

All other participation in battle operations consists of defense of a sector 
and local engagements. 

Participation in the defense of a sector will be shown on the soldier's service 
record by giving the name of the sector with dates following. 

Local engagements are encounters with the enemy which are local in charac- 
ter. They consist of minor operations, raids, repulse of local attacks, etc., and 
will be shown on the service record by the name of the sector followed by the 
name of the locality and whether defensive or offensive, with dates. 



11 



OUR CREED 

I believe in the United States of America as 
a government of the people, by the people, for 
the people ; whose just powers are derived from 
the consent of tne governed; a democracy in a 
republic ; a sovereign Nation of many sovereign 
states; a perfect union, one and inseparable; es- 
tablished upon those principles of freedom, 
equality), justice and humanity for which Amer- 
ican patriots sacrificed their liv*es and fortunes. 

I therefore believe it is my duty to my coun- 
try to love it, to support its constitution, to obey* 
its laws, to respect its flag and to defend it against 
all enemies. 



WHY WE WENT TO WAR 

The United States went to war for humanity. She championed the cause 
of every nation. She espoused internationalism as against nationalism, and 
waged war on war. She fought for the conviction that morality is an obligation 
for nations no less than individuals, and that, if the world is to be free, God's 
law must be kept sacred and inviolate. 



12 



WHY WE FOUGHT 

We fought because we could not avoid war and preserve national honor. 

We fought because an arrogant power challenged our freedom on the sea, and, 
without warning and without reason, sank vessels carrying American men, 
women and children across the open highway of the ocean. 

We fought to save for those we love the priceless boon of liberty for which our 
fathers fought in days long past. 

We fought to keep unpolluted and holy the American Home. 

We fought to make this old world worth living in for those dear to us and for 
those who are to follow after our day is spent. 

We fought to protest to the death against barbarism and cruelty such as have 
prevailed and are prevailing in the conquered territories of Belgium, France, 
Russia, Armenia and the Balkan States. 

We fought to protect the just rights of weaker nations against the iron and unscru- 
pulous might of the strong and powerful. 

We fought for the sake of outraged women of many lands; for helpless children 
striken down in sacred youth; for men maimed and slaughtered beneath 
the juggernaut of Imperial ambition; for the old and the young of those 
hapless nations crushed by Teutonic ruthlessness. 

We fought because we could not endure such things and still retain character and 
manhood. 

We fought because our enemies seek to despoil and destroy the sacred land of 
our heritage; to bind free-born Americans in fetters of serfdom and to drag 
us captive in the train of their triumphant procession. 

We fought without hunger for indemnity and without unholy longing for terri- 
tory ; anxious only to bear our share of the heavy burden of saving civiliza- 
tion from the blight of so-called Kultur. 

We fought because God has called us and we have heard His call summoning 
men of every nation and creed to serve Him in this, the testing day of nations. 

For reasons unselfish and exalted, our country entered this war to remain in it 
until her victorious sons return with her flag bathed in new glory. 

We won because the courage of a just cause mastered our souls; because our 
nation in this day appraises righteousness more than comfort and because 
a free people prefer death to slavery. 



WHY THE CHRISTIAN AND ALL CHURCH FORCES 
WERE ACTIVE DURING THE WORLD'S WAR. 

The Christian forces in America made a very definite contribution towards 
the winning of the war. In numerous ways the churches and allied agencies 
rendered most effective services. Everywhere ministers of the gospel, laymen, 
women of the churches, boys and girls of the Bible schools were among the most 
enthusiastic in the war activities. Scarcely a church in the land that did not 
have an honor roll hanging upon its walls inscribed with the names of the mem- 
bers of the church in active service. The service flag, with a star for every 
member in service, and the National Emblem were both conspicuously dis- 
played. Prayers for the success of the Allies were offered at practically every 
service. Religious organizations, which in the years gone by were rarely asso- 
ciated, were found working and planning together for the common cause. 

The Master had taught that there were great duties which Christians owed 
their Government. Patriotism and piety had been closely linked together in 
the Master's teaching as set forth in the sacred Scriptures. What God had thus 
joined together the churches of Christ had no desire to put asunder. The motives 
moving America to enter the conflict were indeed high and holy. America had 
to enter to save herself. The very existence of her free institutions and the 
democratic ideal were imperiled. The most sacred rights of non-combatants 
had been grossly violated. In such a time there was need of the most hearty 
co-operation on the part of every citizen to save the nation. The Christian 
forces were glad to have their part in this battle for existence. 

The issues at stake were far more than national issues. They were funda- 
mentally religious issues. The great question of autocracy on the one side 
and the question of democracy on the other touched in a most vital way the in- 
dividual responsibility of the soul to God. Was the individual to be forgotten? 
Were the rights of the weak to be violated? Was the liberty of conscience with 
reference to the worship of God as the individual felt was right and proper to be 
denied the people in this world? Were the people of God to have the privileges 
so long enjoyed in America, or were these privileges to be denied under autocracy? 
These and other great religious issues were at stake. When the issue was forced 
upon this country there was but one course left for the people of God. Putting 
their trust in the God of the ages, they went forward with full faith in Him. 

Church members were not unmindful of the great issues presented them so 
faithfully and so clearly. Those who had gone into the conflict felt that never 
in the days of old when the Lord of Hosts led His people on to victory was there 
a time when God's presence could be counted upon, and his blessings expected, 
more than in the conflict which has now been so gloriously won. 

Our sword was drawn in its own defence and in the defence of inalienable 
rights and privileges which were dearer than life itself. 

Right has won over might; the cross has triumphed over cruelty. The 
years to come will but confirm the conviction of the people of God that the Lord 
of Hosts has been with them. 



14 



SELECTIVE DRAFT 

The draft law, approved May 18th, 1917, applied to men 21 to 30 years of 
age, inclusive, commenced June 5th, 1917. Supplementary drafts August 24th, 
1918. A later amendment extended the ages from 18 to 45 years, inclusive. 

The first registration, June 5th, 1917, brought in nearly 10,000,000 young 
men. The second, June 5th, 1918, 745,000 men; third, August 24th, 1918, 
160,000 men; the fourth (18 to 45 years, inclusive), about 13,000,000 men. 
Total, about 24,000,000 men of military age. From these, 2,810,296 were se- 
lected for service. 

Local draft boards were appointed for each locality, and appeal boards for 
each Congressional District. 

The selective draft worked smoothly. 

At first the draft met with considerable opposition, but as finally worked 
out, proved to be fair and equitable — working the minimum of hardship, pre- 
venting favoritism and making no distinction as to classes, native and foreign 
born citizens, race or color. 

Notwithstanding many objections raised against compulsory military 
service and a draft the standing of the selected men was square to the volunteers 
and their records were as good. 

The plan proved superior to the Civil War method. 

With the splendid material furnished, an army was sent 3,000 miles in 19 
months and proved its superiority over the much-lauded German military ma- 
chine of forty years' making. Its success was all the more striking because we 
have heretofore taken little interest in military matters. Its success and perfec- 
tion in every way was and is still looked upon in the United States and abroad 
as one of the greatest achievements and wonders of the war. 

The most remarkable feature of the draft was the fact that it was enforced 
by the people themselves. Men of different countries, some over age and some 
entitled to exemption, desired to be drafted as the draft proceeded. 

On September 12, 1918, 773,000 men registered in New York City; 15,000 
registrars entitled to $4.00 per day and not one demanded it. Thousands else- 
where refused pay for their services. 

3,000 New York city lawyers gave their time to help the men fill out their 
question cards without charge. 

Physicians and surgeons of the highest professional standing and training 
gave their time gratis, and gave us their best skill. Men and women, also, in 
all walks of life, work and service, in every branch of draft activity. It was 
inspiring to note that claims for exemption gradually disappeared as the war 
necessities became known and understood — even in districts where there had 
been great opposition. The same condition prevailed all over the United States. 

At the second registration opposition had entirely ceased. Many who had 
claimed exemption withdrew their claims and finally there were no claims pre- 
sented for exemption. 



15 



ENLISTED MEN FURNISHED THE ARMY BY STATES 

The enlisted strength of the Regular Army on March 31, 1917, was 121,797. 
The table below covers the period from April 1, 1917, to November 11, 
1918, and includes: (1) enlistments, (2) accessions through the National Guard, 
August 5, 1917, (3) draft inductions. 

Sources of information: Provost Marshal General's Office and the A. G. O. 



New York 367,864—9.79% 

Pennsylvania 297,891—7.93% 

Illinois 251,074—6.68% 

Ohio 200,293—5.33% 

Texas 161,065—4.29% 

Michigan - 135,485—3.61% 

Massachusetts 132,610—3.53% 

Missouri 128,544—3.42% 

California 112,514—2.98% 

Indiana 106,581—2.83% 

New Jersey 105,207—2.80% 

Minnesota 99,116—2.64% 

Iowa - 98,781—2.63% 

Wisconsin 98,211—2.61% 

Georgia 85,506—2.28% 

Oklahoma 80,169—2.13% 

Tennessee 75,825—2.02% 

Kentucky 75,043—2.00% 

Alabama , 74,678—1.99% 

Virginia (a) 73,062—1.94% 

North Carolina 73,003—1.94% 

Louisiana 65,988—1.76% 

Kansas 63,428—1.69% 

Arkansas 61 ,027— 1 .62 % 

West Virginia 55,777—1.48% 

Mississippi 54,295—1.44% 

South Carolina 53,482—1.42% 

Connecticut 50,069—1.33% 



Nebraska 47,805—1.27% 

Maryland 47,054—1.25% 

Washington 45,154—1.20% 

Montana 36,293 - .97% 

Colorado 34,393— .92% 

Florida 33,331— .89% 

Oregon 30,116— .80% 

South Dakota 29,686— .79% 

North Dakota 25,803— .69% 

Maine 24,252— .65% 

Idaho 19,016— .51% 

Utah 17,361— .46% 

Rhode Island 16,861— .45% 

District of Columbia 15,930— .42% 

New Hampshire 14,374— .38% 

New Mexico 12,439— .33% 

Wyoming 11,393— .30% 

Arizona 10,492— .28% 

Vermont 9,338— .25% 

Delaware 7,484— .20% 

Nevada 5,105— .14% 

Not allocated 1,318—1.04% 

Porto Rico 16,538— .44% 

Hawaii (b) 5,644— .15% 

Alaska 2,102—1.06% 

Philippines 255—1.01 % 

A. E. F 1,499—1.04% 

Total 3,757,624 



(a) — Not including 394 enlisted men of Virginia National Guard federalized Nov. 8th, 1918. 
(b) — Not including 2,422 enlisted men of Hawiian National Guard federalized June 1st, 1918. 

25% of the drafted men from the following States were rejected: — North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Minnesota, Wyoming, Iowa, Nebraska, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, 
Kansas, Arkansas (12). 

33% from North Carolina, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Illinois, 
Indiana, Ohio, Wisconsin, Montana, West Virginia, Maryland (13). 

38% from Pennsylvania, Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, 
Oregon (9). 

45% from Colorado, Arizona, California, Washington, Michigan, New York, Vermont, 
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachussetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island (12). 

FIGHTING FAMILIES 

The army rolls contain 51,000 Smiths, 29,000 Johnsons, 22,500 Jones, 
22,500 Greens, 9,000 Browns, 4,500 Cohens, 74 George Washingtons and Ulysses 
S. Grants (some without middle name), and 77 Robert E. Lees. 

The loyalty of aliens and descendants of foreigners is evidenced by the fol- 
lowing names taken from Army rolls: DuBois, Smith (spelled in various ways), 
O'Brien, Caska, Hancka, Pappoudrikopolous, Andressi, Villotto, Levy, Turovich, 
Kowalki, Chreczancoicy, Knutson, Gonzalez. 



16 



TRAINING CAMPS 



37 Army Camps for Men 

Bowie _Fort Worth, Tex. 

Beauregard Alexandria, La. 

Custer Battle Creek, Mich. 

Cody Deming, N. M. 

Devens Ayer, Mass. 

Dix Wrightstown, N. J. 

Dodge Des Moines, la. 

Eustis Fort Monroe, Va. 

Fremont Palo Alto, Cal. 

Forrest Chickamauga Park, Ga. 

Funston Fort Riley, Kan. 

Greenleaf Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 

Gordon Atlanta, Ga. 

Grant Rockford, 111. 

Hancock Augusta, Ga. 

Jackson (*) Columbia, S. C. 

Johnson Jacksonville, Fla. 

Las Casas Porto Rico 

Logan Houston, Tex. 

Lee Petersburg, Va. 

Lewis American Lake, Wash. 

MacArthur Waco, Tex. 

McClellan Anniston, Ala. 

Meade Admiral, Md. 

Merritt Hoboken, N. J. 

Pike Little Rock, Ark. 

Sevier Greenville, S. C. 

Sheridan Montgomery, Ala. 

Shelby Hattiesburg, Miss. 

Sherman Chillicothe, O. 

Stuart Newport News, Va. 

Syracuse Syracuse, N. Y. 

Taylor Louisville, Ky. 

Travis San Antonio, Tex. 

Upton Yaphank, L. I., N. Y. 

Wadsworth Spartanburg, S. C. 

Wheeler Macon, Ga. 

(*) Camp Jackson was Quartermasters' 
Training Corps. 

The average number of men sent to each 
of the 37 camps was about 40,000. 

Cost of these camps was about $200,000,000. 



The first series of Reserve Officers' Training 
Camps, May 14, 1917, to Aug. 15, 1917. 

Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. 

Madison Barracks, N. Y. 

Fort Niagara, N. Y. 

Fort Myer, Va. 

Fort Sheridan, 111. 

Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. 

Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. 

Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. 

Fort McPherson, Pa. 

Fort Logan H. Roots, Ark. 

Fort Snelling, Minn. 

Ft. Riley, Kan. 

Leon Springs, Tex. 



Second Series, Aug. 27, 1917, to Nov. 26, 1917. 



Plattsburg Barracks, N. Y. 

Fort Niagara, N. Y. 

Fort Myer, Va. 

Fort Oglethorpe. Ga. 

Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind. 

Fort Sheridan, 111. 

Fort Snelling, Minn. 

Leon Springs, Tex. 

Presidio of San Francisco, Cal. 



Third Series — Held in divisions while in camp 
training for overseas. 



Fourth Series 



Camp Grant, 111. 
Camp Lee, Va. 
Camp Pike, Ark. 
Camp Gordon, Ga. 
Camp MacArthur, Tex. 
Camp Hancock, Ga. 
Camp Zachary Taylor, Ky. 



School of colored candidates, Fort Des Moines, la., June 18, 1918, 639 
infantry officers were commissioned. 

About 100,000 men received instructions in the four series at Officers Train- 
ing Camps and about 80,000 were commissioned. About 175,000 students were 
enrolled in other training camps. 

April 6, 1917, Congress declared war, and authorized an army of 500,000; 
increased later to 5,000,000. 

At this time the army numbered less than 8,000 officers and 180,000 men. 

July 1, 1917, 480,000 men were in training and 20,000 had been landed in 
France. 

The following figures show the number at home and abroad November 
1, 1918: 

In American Expeditionary Forces, 1,993,000. Total 3,665.000. 



17 



SOMETHING FOR AMERICAN PARENTS AND CITIZENS 

TO THINK ABOUT 

Are We to Become a Decaying Nation? 

The examination of drafted men showed a marked deficiency in health and 
physical condition. 40% of the rejected were for diseases that could have been 
prevented by intelligent treatment in early life; 62,000 had tuberculosis and 
were refused admission to the national army; 20,000 others who reached camp 
were discharged for same cause; after the war closed more than 6,000 were being 
treated for the same. The army in France was freer from all diseases than any 
other on record. 

History shows that without exception the decline and fall of every great 
nation has been caused by drink and venereal diseases. These facts and the ina- 
bility of the many (700,000 of draft age) to read and write, demand attention. 
Many thousands of the soldiers were taught in the numerous army schools. 

"There are 3,700,000 persons in the rural districts who can neither read 
nor write." 

FROM THE UNITED STATES CENSUS, 1910 

"Illiterates, 5,516,163. Of these 2,227,731 were negroes. 

Persons in penal institutions, 111,498. (Negroes, 37,874). 

Paupers, 84,198. 

Insane, in hospitals, 234,855. 

Blind, 57,272. Of these, 8,849 were negroes." 

EVERYBODY'S DUTY 

We are today the most favored of nations; to preserve, to improve or 
to change our conditions, peaceful and lawful methods only must be adopted. 
Majorities must rule and minorities must submit. 

This Government (either party controlling) with many able and honest 
patriotic men and women, organizations and corporations are now awake to 
the requirements and the necessities of the times; are united in desire and effort 
for increased prosperity, comfort, health and happiness of every citizen and for 
peaceful conditions. 

The terrible conditions in Europe are entering the United States and rapidly 
growing; are becoming powerful while we sleep. They must be stopped and 
guarded against. 

Education, moral, mental and physical improvement are sadly needed. 
Ignorance, disease, intemperance, excesses of various kinds, idleness and wrong- 
doings must be checked. 

Foreigners generally cannot understand our Government and institutions; 
they misunderstand freedom and democracy. They should not enter the United 
States except under more and greater restrictions, nor become citizens with voting 
privileges until they have resided here a longer time, with no intention of re- 
turning to their native country. Special instructions must be given them and 
special qualifications required. 

With all our cares, troubles and misfortunes we have now the best govern- 
ment and the best country on earth. Much is demanded and much will be 
required of us personally, individually and as a nation. Protect and support 
it, right or wrong. Avoid partisanship and sectionalism. Remember there 
are two sides, sometimes several, to every question. Insist upon hearing all, 
and compromise only with honest differences, but never with known evils. 
A PARTIAL REMEDY 

Join at once the American Legion, if eligible, or the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., 
Y. W. C. A., The Salvation Army, Knights of Columbus, the Loyal Jewish Organ- 
ization, a church or any loyal organization whose first obligation and duty is 
loyalty to Uncle Sam, obedience to every law, the peaceful solution of all differ- 
ences, compulsory employment for the idle poor and the idle rich. 

No better present can be made to the veterans and war workers, their fami- 
lies or parents than this personal souvenir and record. 

"BOYS," JOIN THE AMERICAN LEGION. It is pure loyalty itself. 



18 



THE EMBARKATION SERVICE 

This surpassed anything in the military history of the world. It transported 
over-seas over 2,086,000 men, and over 6,000,000 tons of cargo; over 1,800,000 
men and 4,700,000 tons of cargo were shipped in the last ten months of the war. 
Material and equipment to construct and operate over 600 miles of railroad, 
including over 1,100 locomotives of the 100 ton type, 350 of which were shipped 
set up and ready for service within ten hours after landing in France; 17,000 
standard gauge freight cars; over 35,000 motor trucks shipped at the rate of 
10,000 per month. Over 50,000 horses and mules were shipped, at the rate of 
20,000 per month. Only about 80,000 tons of cargo were lost at sea. Submarines 
had taken a heavy toll of merchant ships. The largest number of men sent over- 
seas in one month was 300,000 — none were lost. 

Engineers of the American army erected in France storehouses covering 
hundreds of acres; giant refrigerator plants, to provide cold storage for food, 
and ice for the troops, hospitals, etc. ; hundreds of miles of railroad siding. They 
dredged thousands of cubic yards of ship channels, to enable vessels to dock at 
the miles of wharfage created by them to avoid lightering cargoes. 

The French were amazed at the work of the American Engineers. Forests 
were cleared, swamps were drained, and in their places housing quarters for the 
American forces, complete in detail — running water, the best of sanitary con- 
veniences, shower-baths, electric lights, heating apparatus — were quickly in- 
stalled. 

On June 1st, 1917, only seven troopships were in service and six cargo ships, 
a total of less than 100,000 tons burden. About 450,000 tons of interned German 
ships could be used for transports. These were placed in service as soon as the 
parts destroyed or damaged by former German crews had been replaced and were 
in use in the Fall of 1917. Early in 1918 300,000 tons of Dutch shipping, to- 
together with a number of Scandinavian and Japanese boats, were acquired. 
The War Trade Board restricted non-essential imports, thereby releasing a 
large number of vessels from import trade. Eventually a great transatlantic 
fleet was developed. By November 1st, 1918, the Government was operating: 

Tonnage 

39 Troop Ships 310,000 

38 Animal Transports 375,000 

18 Refrigerator Ships 95,000 

4 Tankers 31,000 

228 Cargo Ships 1,810,000 

327 2,621,000 

ORGANIZATION IN FRANCE 

About the time of the Armistice the combat divisions were as follows : 

First Army : — Composed of the 1st, 3d, 5th and 7th American Corps and the Second French 
Colonial Corps. 

Second Army : — Composed of the 4th and 6th American Corps and the Second French 
Colonial Corps. 

These two armies about this time included the combat divisions, 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 
7th, Regulars; 26th, 28th, 29th, 32d, 35th, 36th, 42d, National Guard; 77th, 78th, 80th, 81st, 
82d, 88th, 90th and 92d National Army and a few French Divisions served with them. 

The Second Army Corps was with the British Army throughout the war — the 27th and 
30th divisions fought with them. 

Corps and Divisions were transferred from one Army or Army Corps to another when 
necessary or required. 

The Third American Army formation was not completed at the Armistice, but it com- 
menced the march into Germany several days later with the 3d and 4th Army Corps. Additional 
Army Corps were assigned to it. 

The 27th and 91st divisions fought in the Argonne with the First Army Corps, but at the 
time of the Armistice were serving with the Sixth French Army in Belgium. 

General Headquarters (G. H. Q.) controlled all, directly, as well as detached units, includ- 
ing the Service of Supplies. 



19 



ARMY ORGANIZATION, FEBRUARY 1, 1919 

9 Corps — a Major-General commanding each, with a Brigadier-General, 

Chief-of-Staff. 
32 Divisions — a Major-General commanding each. 
62 Divisions — a Brigadier-General commanding each. 
29 Artillery Brigades — a Brigadier-General commanding each. 

3 Coast Artillery Brigades — a Brigadier-General commanding each. 

MACHINE GUN COMPANY 
Is composed of six officers and 172 men. It consists of headquarters, 3 
officers and 21 men; 3 platoons each, 1 officer and 46 men; a train, 13 men. It 
has 12 machine guns, heavy type, and 4 spare guns. 

Officers 
and Men 

1 Headquarters and Headquarters Company 303 

3 Battalions of four rifle companies each 3,078 

1 Supply Company 140 

1 Machine Gun Company 178 

1 Medical Detachment 56 

Total 3,755 

INFANTRY REGIMENT 
Each rifle company has 250 men and 6 officers, composed of a company 
headquarters (2 officers and 18 men) and 4 platoons, each platoon including: 

Officers 
and Men 
1 headquarters 2 

1 section bombers and rifle grenadiers 22 

2 sections riflemen, 12 each 24 

1 section auto riflemen (4 guns) 11 

Total 59 

Transportation equipment of a regiment: 22 combat wagons, 16 rolling 
kitchens, 22 baggage and ration wagons, 16 ration carts, 15 water carts, 3 medical 
carts, 24 machine gun carts, 59 riding horses, 8 riding mules, 332 draft mules, 

2 motorcycles with side cars, 1 motor car, 42 bicycles. 

New fighting equipment each regiment, in addition to rifles, bayonets, 
pistols, etc., includes 480 trench knives (40 to each company), 192 automatic 
rifles (16 to each company), and 3 one-pounder cannon, manned by the one- 
pounder cannon platoon of the regimental headquarters company. 

REGIMENTAL HEADQUARTERS COMPANY 

This is composed of 7 officers and 294 men. One headquarters platoon 
(93 officers and men), including one staff section (36 officers and men), one 
orderly section (20 men), one band section (28 men). One signal platoon (77 
officers and men), including one telephone section (51 men), one section with 
headquarters (10 men), one section with 3 battalions (16 officers and men), one 
sappers and bombers platoon (43 officers and men), including one section sappers 
(9 men for digging and special work), one section bombers (34 officers and men), 
one pioneer platoon (55 officers and men) for engineer work, one one-pounder 
cannon platoon (33 officers and men). 

BRIGADES 

An infantry brigade is a tactical organization commanded by a brigadier- 
general, and is made up of brigade headquarters, two infantry regiments and a 
machine-gun battalion, with a total strength of 232 officers and 8,210 men, of 
which 17 officers and 202 men are noncombatants, i. e., the Chaplain and the 
Medical Corps. 



20 



A brigade of field artillery consists of brigade headquarters, two regiments of 
light artillery, one regiment of heavy artillery and a trench mortar battery, with 
72 guns, 12 trench mortars and the necessary transportation supplies, etc. It 
has a total strength of 185 officers and 4,781 men. 

A cavalry brigade is composed of headquarters and three cavalry regiments, 
and has a strength of approximately 181 officers and 4,575 men. 

DIVISIONS 
Each division comprises: 
1 Division Headquarters 164 

1 Machine Gun Battalion of four Companies 768 

2 Infantry Brigades, each composed of two Infantry Regiments and one Machine Gun 

Battalion of three Companies 16,420 

1 Field Artillery Brigade, composed of three Field Artillery Regiments and one Trench 

Mortar Battery 5,068 

1 Field Signal Battalion 262 

1 Regiment of Engineers 1,666 

1 Train Headquarters and Military Police 337 

1 Ammunition Train 962 

1 Supply Train 472 

1 Engineer Train 84 

1 Sanitary Train, composed of four Field Hospital Companies and Four Ambulance 

Companies 949 

Totai 27,152 

COMBAT DIVISIONS 

Initials: R. A. — Regular Army. N. A. — National Army (drafted men). 
N. G. — National Guard. 

Official March 8, 1919 

Division Division Symbols Casualties 

2nd R. A. Indian 24,429 

1st R. A. . 23,974 

3rd R. A. Marne 16,356 

28th N. G. Pennsylvania Keystone 14,417 

32nd N. G. Michigan, Wisconsin Arrow 14,268 

4th R. A. Ivy 12,948 

42nd N. G. Rainbow 12,252 

90th N. A. Texas, Oklahoma Alamo 9,710 

77th N. A. New York Metropolitan 9,423 

26th N. G. New England Yankee 8,955 

82nd N. A. Ga., Ala., Tenn. All American 8,300 

5th N. A. Regular Ace of Diamonds 8,280 

78th N. A. Western N. Y., N. H. Lightning 8,133 

27th N. G. New York New York 7,940 

33rd N. G. Illinois Prairie 7,860 

35th N. G. Missouri, Kansas 7,745 

89th N. A. Kan., Mo., S. D., Neb. Middle West 7,093 

Colo., N. M., Arizona 

30th N. G. Tenn., No. C, So. C. Old Hickory 6,893 

29th N. G. N.J.,Del.,Va.,Md.,D.C. Blue and Gray 5,972 

21st N. A. Ala., Wash., Ore., Cal., 

Idaho, Nev., Montana, Wild West 5,838 
Wyoming, Utah. 

80th N. A. Va., W. Va., W. Pa. Blue Ridge 5,133 

37th N. G. Ohio Buck Eye 4,303 

79th N. A. Pa., Md., D. C. Liberty 3,223 

36th N. G. Texas, Oklahoma Lone Star 2,397 

7th R. A. Regulars 1,546 

92nd N. A. Negro Buffalo 1,399 

81st N. A. N. C, S. C, Fla., P. R. Wild Cat 1,062 

6th R. A. .Star 285 

88th N. A. N.D., Minn., Iowa, West- 63 
ern Illinois. 
See page 40 for later detailed official report of killed and wounded. 

Total — 7 Divisions Regulars, 11 Divisions National Guard and 11 Divisions 
National Army. 



21 



OTHER DIVISIONS NOT COMBAT 

Division Division Symbols Killed Wounded Total 

8th R. A. Pathfinder 6 29 35 
10th R. A. 

11th R. A. LaFayette 

12th R. A. Plymouth 

14th R. A. Wolverine 

18th R. A. Cactus 

19th R. A. Twilight 

31st N. G. Ala.,Ga.,Fla. flm'e 

34th N. G. Iowa, Minn., Sandstone 

Neb., N. D. 

38th N. G. Ind., Ky. Cyclone 
39th N. G. La., Minn., 

Ark. Bull's Eye 

40th N. G. Cal., Nevada, Sunshine 79 81 160 

Utah, Ariz. 

41st N. G. Washington, 154 263 417 

Oregon, Ida., Sunset 

Mon., Wyo. 

76th N. A. Liberty Bell 

83rd N. A. Ohio Ohio 113 319 432 

85th N. A. Custer 142 395 537 

86th N. A. Ind., 111., Ky. Black Hawk 

87th N. A. Acorn 2 30 32 
13th R. A. 

93rd N. A. Negroes 584 2,582 3,166 

Other Units 1,214 3,935 5,149 

2,294 7,634 9,928 

As casualties occured in the Combat Divisions, drafts were made upon some 
of the above divisions (replacement and supply divisions) and many thousand 
men were sent to the fighting lines. Many went to the front (absent without 
leave), and were killed, wounded or missing. 

The U. S. Army was composed of: Regulars 13%, National Guard 10% 
and drafted men 77%. 

Regular Army Divisions were numbered 1 to 25, inclusive. 
National Guard Divisions were numbered 26 to 50, inclusive. 
National Army Divisions were numbered 51 to 100 inclusive. 

THE NATION'S HONOR ROLL 

Official Washington Sept. 1, 1919. 

Casualties Army and Marine Corps: 
This does not include former report of army deaths in U. S. of 34,912, making a grand total of 356,994. 

Total killed in action 35,585 

Total died of wounds 14,742 

Total died of disease 58,073 

Total died of accident and other causes 8,092 116,492 

Wounded 205,590 

Total (missing all corrected) 322,082 

PRISONERS LOST 

The War Department reports a loss of 4,765 military prisoners and 287 
civilians (4,376 of the military prisoners reported released, 233 died in German 
prison camps). Of the captured there was one Lieutenant-Colonel, four Majors, 
twenty-seven Captains and 363 Lieutenants. 

PRISONERS CAPTURED BY UNITED STATES ARMY 

They captured 63,000 prisoners, 1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars 
and 9,650 machine guns. 



Out of 49,010 men killed in battle or died of wounds, the following shows 
the classification by arms: 

Officers Men 

Infantry 1,699 41,420 

Tank Corps 10 72 

Signal Corps 9 303 

Artillery 98 1,915 

Medical 68 698 

Engineers 60 1,260 

Cavalry 2 52 

Ordnance 3 67 

Air Service 180 235 

Quartermaster 6 220 

Other 29 604 



Totals 2,164 46,846 

Battle deaths among the commissioned officers in the infantry were 173 per 
thousand ; for officers and men the rate was 139.7 per thousand. Average for the 
entire army 61.2 per thousand for officers, and 61.6 for officers and men. 

BATTLE DEATHS IN THE WORLD WAR 

Men killed in action or died of wounds compiled by the United States 
General Staff, March 1st, 1919, 7,461,000. 

Russia 1,700,000 Bulgaria 100,000 

Germany 1,600.000 Rumania 100,000 

France 1,400,000 Serbia and Montenegro 100,000 

England 800,000 Austria-Hungary 640,000 

Italy 460,000 United States 50,000 

Turkey 400,000 Greece 7,000 

Belgium 102,000 Portugal 2,000 

Total 7,461,000 

AIRPLANES 

On November 11th, 1918, the Aviation strength was over 163,000 men and 
about 19,000 officers. Total, 144,000 men. About one-half of this number were 
overseas. 

Appropriations amounted to $1,578,304,758. Of this amount, $478,000,000 
has been returned and a cancellation of contracts will amount to about $50,000,- 
000 more. 

CASUALTIES 

Killed in action 172 

Died of accidents 396 

Died of Other Causes 505 

Missing in action on land and sea 264 

Prisoners (all classes) 163 

Wounded (all classes) 251 

Total 1,751 

Returned to duty 62 

PLANES BUILT IN THE U. S. 

Planes built in the United States 13,300 

Planes built for United States by Allies 5,000 

Total 18,300 

On hand in United States, January 3, 1919 7,900 

On hand in A. E. F. in France, November 11, 1919 3,300 

Consumed by the A. E. F. in France 3,000 

Consumed by United States 3,000 

Total 17,200 

On sea and docks in France 1,100 

Total .18,300 

Planes of various types in commission in U. S., Jan. 1, 1919 7,900 

Planes of various types in France 3,300 

Total .11,200 



23 






From Report of Chief of Statistics' Branch of the General 
Staff, War Department, May 10th, 1919 

Number of battle airplanes in each army at the date of the Armistice: 

French 3,321 

Italian 812 

Belgian 153 

German 2,730 

American 740 

British 1,858 

Austrian 622 

Washington, December 22, 1918 — Official. 

American air-men in France brought down a total of 854 German airplanes 
and 82 German balloons, against an American loss of 271 planes and 45 balloons, 
according to a report cabled by Major-General Harbord on December 15th and 
made public today by the War Department. Destruction of 354 of the enemy 
planes and fifty-seven of the balloons have been officially confirmed. 

Total casualties air service in action, 442 (including 109 killed, 103 wounded, 
200 missing, twenty-seven prisoners and three interned). 

When the Armistice ended fighting, there were 39 American air squadrons 
at the front, including twenty pursuit, six day and one night bombing squadrons 
and five army, twelve corps and one night observation squadrons. The total 
personnel, 2,161 officers and 22,351 men at French front with an additional 
4,643 officers and 28,353 men in the service of supply. Eight American flying 
officers were detailed with the British army and forty-nine officers and 525 men 
with French forces. 

The total strength of the American air service in France was 58,000, of whom 
68,861 were officers. (This was exclusive of the air service mechanics regiment 
with the French army, numbering 109 officers and 4,744 men.) 

In addition to these trained men, the air service had eight separate schools 
in France where 1,323 pilots and 2,012 observers were under instruction and 
graduations up to November 11 included 6,069 pilots and 2,045 observers. Up 
to November 16, Gen. Harbord said, a total of 6,472 planes of all types had been 
received by the American air service in France, including 3,337 pursuit planes 
for combat work and ninety for schools; 3,421 observation for service and 664 for 
schools; 421 day bombers with eighty-five additional for schools and thirty-one 
night reconnaissance machines. There were in addition 2,285 training, thirty 
experimental and 108 miscellaneous machines. 

The eight American air schools in France had a capacity of training 3,800 
officers and 11,700 men. The largest was the General Flying School at Issoudun, 
where 2,175 officers and 6,100 men could be cared for. The others were at Tours 
and Chatillon-Sur-Seine for observers; at Maucon and Coetquidan and Souge for 
artillery fire spotters; at St. Jean-de-Monte for aerial gunnery and at Clermont- 
Ferrand for bombers. 



24 



INTERESTING FACTS FROM OFFICIAL REPORTS 



CONSTRUCTION DIVISION 
Formally called cantonment division. Employed 130,000 persons. 

CHEMICAL WAR-SERVICE DEPARTMENT 
Nov. 1, 1918, employed 1,654 officers and 18,027 enlisted men. 

GAS DEFENSE 

Masks produced, 5,500,000. Sent abroad, 4,500,000. Used in the army, 
4,000,000. 

QUARTERMASTER'S CORPS 

Oct. 15, 1918, 11,256 commissioned officers; 200,354 enlisted men; 84,435 
civilian employees. 

SIGNAL CORPS 

Outbreak of the war had 2,585 officers and men. At the time of Armistice 
it had over 50,000. 

Every fighting division at the front had 500 of these men. 

AIR SERVICE 

Commencement of the war had 65 officers and 1,120 men. At close of war 
190,000. (20,000 commissioned officers, 6,000 cadets in training and 164,000 
enlisted men. 

MOTOR TRANSPORT CORPS 

Officers, 2,717; men, 76,917. Training School capacity, officers, 300; 
men, 23,300. 

Production of trucks, 82,490; other motor vehicles, 65,482. Estimated ex- 
penditure, $731,908,462. Estimated balance, $501,698,824. 

Up to Dec. 5, 1918, constructed for the army 82,500 trucks, 16,000 motor 
cars, 27,000 motorcycles, 22,000 bicycles and a large number of trailers for trucks. 

20th ENGINEERS IN FRANCE 

Nov. 1st, cutting timber, etc., 564 officers, 12,685 men. 

ENGINEERS CORPS 

April, 1917, 230 officers, 1,825 men. Nov. 1, 1918, 10,000 officers, 284,000 
men. 

MILITARY RAILROAD DEPARTMENT 

Beginning of war, United States railroad men numbered, Dec, 1918, in 
France, about 60,000 men. The cost of railroad service for army, $400,000,000. 

COLORED TROOPS 

1,078,331 colored men were registered under the draft law; 367,710, or 13.8 
per cent of the total number were called to the colors. The approximate num- 
ber of colored officers commissioned is 1,200, consisting of captains and lieu- 
tenants. About 650 of this number were commissioned at Ft. Des Moines 
Training Camp, others were commissioned at Camp Taylor (Artillery), Camp 
Pike (Infantry) and others at various camps and cantonments in connection 
with which Officers' Training Camps were conducted. Over 400,000 colored 



25 



men served in the Army and Navy of the United States during the war, 
performing splendid service both in camps at home and upon the battle 
field in France. Four entire negro regiments were brigaded with French troops 
and received the Croix de Guerre given by the French Government, aside from 
numerous individual citations for gallantry in action, Distinguished Service 
Medals, etc. 

Total number of colored soldiers participating, nearly 400,000. 

Number serving abroad, France, Germany, Italy, etc., over 200,000. 

Colored commissioned officers, over 1,200, many of them college graduates. 

Colored men served in all branches of the military establishment, cavalry, 
infantry, artillery (field and coast), signal corps, (radio or wireless telegraphy), 
medical corps, aviation corps (ground section), ambulance and hospital corps, 
sanitary and ammunition trains, stevedore regiments, and as regimental clerks, 
draftsmen, etc. 

Colored soldiers fought with especial distinction in France in the Forest of 
Argonne, at Chateau Thierry, in Belleau Wood, St. Mihiel District, Champagne 
Sector, Metz, Vosges, etc., winning praise from French and American command- 
ers. Colored troops were nearest the Rhine when the Armistice was signed. 

Entire regiments of colored troops were cited for exceptional valor and dec- 
orated with the French Croix de Guerre — 369th, 371st and 72nd ; groups of officers 
and men of the 365th, 366th and 370th were likewise decorated; first battalion 
of the 367th also decorated with the Croix de Guerre. 

Many individuals were awarded the "Croix de Guerre" and "Distinguished 
Service Cross," and scores of officers earned promotion in their military units. 

Sixty colored men served as chaplains; over 350 as Y. M. C. A. secretaries; 
numerous colored men were attached to the War Community Service in cities 
adjacent to army camps. 

Colored nurses were authorized by the War Department for service in base 
hospitals at six army camps. Colored women served as canteen workers in 
France and in charge of hostess houses in the United States. 

One colored man was named as an accredited war correspondent, attached 
to the staff of General Pershing. Another was sent on special mission to France 
by President Wilson and Secretary Baker. 

Provision was made for the training of 20,000 colored young men in military 
science and tactics, in conjunction with their general education, through Students' 
Army Training Corps and Vocational Detachments, established in upwards of 
twenty leading colored schools. Provision was also made for the formation of 
units of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps for colored men in a number of 
colored institutions, North and South. 

A colored woman was named as a field worker to mobilize colored women of 
the country for war work. 

Colored women rendered exceptionally valuable service in the industries 
and on the farms, maintaining production in the mills and promoting the food 
supply through agricultural pursuits, releasing men for duty at the front. 

Colored people bought millions of dollars worth of Liberty Bonds and War 
Savings Stamps and contributed most generously to the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. 
and other war relief agencies. 

INDIAN TROOPS 

Out of 33,000 Indians eligible for service, 7,500 entered the Army and Navy, 
and about 600 more performed war work of various kinds. The whole-hearted 
manner in which they purchased Liberty Bonds and aided in the increase of pro- 
duction of foodstuffs was evidence of their loyalty. 



26 



THE ARMY'S HEALTH 

Prior to September 1, 1918, the death rate from diseases in the Army was 
6.4 per 1,000; in the American Expeditionary Force it was 4.7, an average of 
5.9 per 1,000; 65 per thousand in the Union Army in the war between the states; 
27 per 1,000 in our Army during the Spanish war. 

By November 1, 1918, 80 fully equipped hospitals with a capacity of 125,000 
patients were established in the United States, which cared for 1,407,200 patients 
during the war. 

In the American Expeditionary Force, 104 base hospitals, 31 evacuation 
hospitals, a special hospital for head surgery, an optical unit and 8 auxiliary units 
were established, and cared for 755,360 patients. 

About the middle of September the epidemic of influenza appeared. By 
November 10th over 310,000 cases and over 55,000 cases of pneumonia had been 
reported among the troops in the United States, with over 19,000 deaths, which 
practically equaled the battle fatalities during the 18 months of the war up to 
September 30, 1918. 

ARMY MEDICAL SERVICE 

The Medical Department of the Army has an enlisted personnel of over 
70,000 men, compared with the 6,600 just before the outbreak of the war. Over 
13,000 officers have accepted commissions in the Medical Reserve Corps; the 
Dental Reserve Corps has over 2,600 commissioned officers and the Sanitary 
Corps over 250. In organizing for war work the Surgeon-General's office has 
added sections on internal medicine; medical officers training camps; medical 
military instruction; psychology; neurology and psychiatry; surgery; infectious 
diseases and laboratories; head, eye, ear, mouth, and brain; military orthopedics; 
office development and filing system. The Surgeon-General's office now has over 
500 clerks and messengers and more than 100 officers, comparedjwith 140 clerks 
and messengers and 10 officers which made up its personnel in March, 1917. 
The regular Nurse Corps numbers over 300 members, with about 1,600 members 
in the Reserve Nurse Corps, as compared with the 230 in the regular corps and 
227 in the reserve corps in March, 1917. 

About 31,000 physicians were commissioned from civil life. 

General Pershing stated, "The United States was in the war a compara- 
tively short time, but her Medical Servive was not exceeded by any nation. 

442 DOCTORS WAR VICTIMS 

46 killed in action; 22 died of wounds; 12 of accident and other causes; 
100 of disease; 4 lost at sea; 88 taken prisoners, 212 wounded. 
Americans decorated by foreign Governments about 10,000. 



27 



iCmrnln'H (iipttgaburg £pmtj 

Fourscore and seven years ago our fatkers brought forth on this continent 
a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men 
are created equal. 

Now We are engaged in a great civil -War, testing whether that nation, or 
any nation so conceited and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a 
great battlefield of that War. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field 
as a final resting place of those who here gave their lives that that nation might 
live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. 

But, in a larger sense, We cannot dedicate — we cannot consecrate — we can- 
not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, 
have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world 
will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can nev'er forget 
what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the 
unfinished work -Which they* who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. 
It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us — 
that from these honored dead We ha-Ce increased devotion to that cause for 
which they gave the last full measure of devotion — that We here highly resolve 
that these dead shall not hav"e died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall 
ha-Oe a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the peo- 
ple, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 



Wt §>f?aU Hot ^l«p 

The following most beautiful lyric of the war was written by Lieutenant- 
Colonel Dr. John McCrea, of Montreal, Canada, while the second battle of 
Ypres was in progress. The author's body noW lies buried in Flanders fields. 



IN FLANDERS FIELDS 

In Flanders Fields the poppies blow 
Between the crosses, row on row, 
That mark our place ; and in the sky 
The larks, still bravely singing, fly 
Scarce heard amidst the guns below. 

We are the dead. Short days ago 
We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, 
Loved and were loved, and now we lie 
In Flanders Fields. 

Take up our quarrel with the foe: 
To you from falling hands we throw 

The torch; be yours to hold it high. 

If ye break faith with us who die 
We shall not sleep, though poppies grow 
In Flanders Fields. 



IN FLANDERS FIELDS 

(an answer) 
_ By R. W. Lillard 
Rest ye in peace, ye Flanders dead ! 
The fight that ye so bravely led 
We've taken up! And we will keep 
True faith with you who lie asleep, 
With each a cross to mark his bed, 
And poppies blowing overhead 
Where once his own life blood ran red ! 
So let your rest be sweet and deep 
In Flanders Fields! 

Fear not that ye have died for naught ; 

The torch ye threw to us we caught! 
Ten million hands will hold it high, 
And Freedom's light shall never die! 

We've learned the lesson that ye taught 
In Flanders Fields! 



28 



UNITED STATES NAVY— PERSONNEL AND STRENGTH 



OFFICIAL APRIL 6, 1917 

The enlisted personnel (regular), 62,667; naval reserve force, less than 900 
officers, a neglible quantity. 

Official Strength, November 1, 1918 

Naval Reserve Force 



Permanent Rear Admirals 34 

Temporary Rear Admirals 36 

Permanent Captains 85 

Temporary Captains 102 

Line Officers 5,765 

Staff Officers 2,604 

Warrant Officers 2,040 

Enlisted Personnel 216,968 

Total 227,634 



Line Officers 15,466 

Staff Officers 3,602 

Warrant Officers 2,554 

Enlisted Personnel (including over 
8,000 women) . .289,639 

Total .311,261 

Grand Total 538,895 



April 6, 1917, the total number of ships in the navy did not exceed 350. 
Officially Reported on November 1, 1918 



Battleships 40 

Monitors 8 

Destroyers 125 

Submarines 68 

Tenders to Destroyers and Submarines 15 

Yachts on patrol duty 56 

Naval Supply Vessels 51 

Hospital Ships 3 

Cargo Transports 232 

175 



Total 773 



Cruisers 32 

Gunboats 33 

Torpedo Boats 17 

Submarine Chasers 303 

Mine Planters and Sweepers 79 

Tugs on patrol duty 53 

Naval Transports 4 

Troop Transports 50 

Patrol Vessels 640 

Total _ 1,984 



This great increase was accomplished with little confusion, which has been 
attributed to the fact that almost the entire personnel was from voluntary 
enlistments. 

Naval Camps of Instruction 



Gulfport, Mass. 
Pelham, N. Y. 
Hampton Roads, Va. 
Newport, R. I. 



Philadelphia Mare Island, Cal. New Orleans, La. 

Cape May, N. J. Puget Sound, Wash. Santiago, Cal. 

Charleston, S. C. Hingham, Mass. New York, N. Y. 

Pensacola, Fla. Norfolk, Va. Great Lakes, 111. 

Key West, Fla. 

THE NAVY 

War was declared April 6th, 1917. May 4th, 1917, a detachment of destroy- 
ers was in European waters. On arrival there, the commander was asked by 
the British Admiral how long they would require to get ready for action. The 
reply was prompt and surprised the admiral. It was: "We are ready now, sir." 
On the first of January, 1918, 113 vessels were there, and three times that number 
by October. 

The Navy, aided by British, French and others, conveyed overseas over 
two million American troops, without the loss of a single man. Also millions of 
tons of shipping with a mere fraction of loss. 

United States Naval port officers were stationed at twenty seaports of Great 
Britain, France and Italy. Fifteen Naval bases were established. 

The American patrol force with a base near Key West operated in the Gulf 
of Mexico and Carribean Sea to protect fuel oil transportation. 

To avoid the submarine menace around the north of Scotland the engineers 
built a pipe line across Scotland, reducing the distance and danger of supplying 
the fleet with gasoline and oil. 



29 



NAVY STRENGTH, MAY, 1919 

United States Navy 179,608 

United States Naval Reserves 136,391 

Coast Guard, about - 1,000 

Many officers were commissioned during the war. 

MARINE CORPS 

April 6, 1917, when war was declared, consisted of, Regulars 13,266 

Reservists 13,302 26,568 

Nov. 11, 1918, at the Armistice, Regulars 63,716 

Reservists 6,758 70,474 

April 8, 1919, Regulars - 51,807 

Reservists 6,468 58,275 

NAVY 

Troop transports were always manned by naval crews when possible. 

During 1918, 355 of the 110-foot submarine chasers were completed. 

During 1918 contracts were let for four battleships, 1 cruiser, 2 fuel ships, 
1 transport, 1 gunboat, 1 ammunition ship, 228 destroyers, 112 fabricated patrol 
vessels, 92 submarine chasers, 25 mine sweepers, 25 sea-going tugs, 46 harbor 
tugs, and a large quantity of harbor craft. 

Henry Ford, who made great efforts to secure peace before the United States 
went to war, very early in 1917 offered his great plant and staff to the War De- 
partment and undertook to construct anti-submarine patrol boats and placed his 
great force and organization in the work. He constructed his first steel chaser, 
the Eagle, one of the 100 contracted for by the Navy Department. It was com- 
pleted and successfully tried on Lake Huron, October, 1918; the second on Nov. 
8th and the third a few days later. The Italian Government also ordered 12 
of them. They were of steel and sea-going, and had a displacement of several 
hundred tons. 

An electrically propelled battleship, the first and only one in the world, was 
built and proved its superiority. The United States now leads all nations 
in methods of propulsion. 

Electric welding on an enormous scale placed 103 large German ships in 
commission again, and very quickly after they had been greatly damaged by 
their crews in American ports. A year's time and $20,000,000 was saved by this. 

High-power radio service: It is now possible to transmit simultaneously 
messages from four high-power stations to European stations, and at the same 
time receive messages from several European stations. 

Cruiser and transport service was gradually but quickly increased to a great 
fleet. 24 cruisers and 42 transports, 3,000 officers and 41,000 men, augmented 
four French men-of-war and thirteen foreign merchant vessels, a total of 83 
vessels. This fleet averaged 70% of their time at sea, summer and winter. 
Destroyers, converted yachts, and anti-submarine craft, cooperated with them 
in the East Atlantic. 

Not one American troop ship, with troops, was torpedoed in going to France, 
and only three returned empty. 

Only three fighting ships lost by enemy's action. The Coast Guard Tampa, 
lost by mine or torpedo in English Channel, all on board perished. The great 
collier, Cyclops, 19,000 tons, with 20 officers, 213 men and 57 passengers, disap- 
peared; no trace ever being obtained; a great mystery. She left Barbadoes, 
British West Indies, when last heard from. 



30 



U. S. NAVY GUARDED MOST OF TROOPS ON THEIR 
WAY TO FRANCE 

They furnished 82%% of escort. American ships carried 952,581 soldiers 
abroad, British 1,075,233 and French and Italian 52,066— official figures. 

With the consent of the Navy Department, the office of Vice Admiral 
Gleaves, commander of the cruiser and transport force, made public figures 
showing exactly the proportionate share of troops conveyed to France in Ameri- 
can vessels. Of the entire army of 2,079,880 men taken over, the statistics show 
4634% were carried in American ships, 48J^% in British and the balance in 
French and Italian vessels. 

Of the total strength of the naval escort guarding all these convoys, the 
United States furnished 82%%, Great Britain U}&% and France 3#%. 

It was felt that these official figures should be made public owing to the dis- 
crepancies in the statements of many public speakers as to the relative shares 
taken by the different naval forces enabling American troops to reach the battle 
line in sufficient force to turn the tide against Germany. 

In actual numbers of men transported, 912,082 were carried in American 
transports and 40,499 in other American ships; 1,006,987 were carried in British 
bottoms and 68,246 in British leased Italian ships; and 52,066 by French and 
Italian ships. 

From May, 1917, to November 11, 1918, there were 391 sailings of American 
naval troop ships, and 123 of other American troop ships, 546 of British ships 
and 82 of other ships. Not a single soldier of those carried in United States 
naval transports was lost. 

Washington, D. C, February 15, 1919 — Official 

There were 575,000 officers and men in the Navy and Marine Corps. The 
selective draft did not originally include the Navy and Marine Corps. Nearly 
all of the 505,000 men in the Navy and 70,000 Marines were volunteers. 

MERCHANT FLEET— WAR RESULTS 

England now (1919) has five million tons less than she would have had but 
for the war, the German fleet three and one-half million less and the United 
States fleet is greater by seven million tons. 

NAVY 

Official summary of deaths from casualties in action by Surgeon-General, 
Navy Department, October, 1919: 

Navy Marine Corps Total 

Lost at Sea 408 408 

Wounds, Battle 58 1,791 1,849 

Poison, War Gas 1 49 50 

Total 467 1,840 2,307 

Wounded Officers and Men 329 10,195 10,524 

Killed and Wounded, Total 796 12,035 12,831 

NORTH SEA MINE BARAGE 

The plan to close the North Sea, and thereby denying enemy submarines 
access to the Atlantic, had its inception in the Bureau of Ordnance in April, 
1917. No suitable type of mine suitable for the Scotland-Norway line, where the 
depths of water are as great as 900 feet, had been devised. As the result of con- 
ference with the British authorities, the magnitude of the operation required 
100,000 mines, which were manufactured and about 85,000 were shipped abroad. 
Two mine bases were established with a capacity for assembling and issuing 
1,000 mines a day. The manufacture of the large number of mines was a work 



31 



of unprecedented magnitude and necessitated unusual methods. The mine was 
divided into many component parts and were separately produced in a large 
number of industrial factories throughout the United States. 140 principal 
contractors and over 400 sub-contractors were engaged. The parts were as- 
sembled into sub-assemblies and the sub-assemblies were shipped to Europe, 
where the complete assembly was made just prior to issue to the mine-planters. 
The number of submarines sunk or disabled in the barrage probably never will 
be definitely known, it being impossible to keep close observation on a line 350 
miles long, but ordnance officers report that at least ten submarines had ended 
their career before the middle of October. 

The Commander of a German battleship stated : "It was the deadly menace 
of the North Sea being rapidly filled with mines so delicately adjusted that they 
went off if a ship came anywhere near that so worked on the imagination of 
our (German) sailors that they ultimately refused to put to sea even to protect 
our mine sweepers. I take off my hat to the Yankees for the last six months 
of their mining campaign and I wish them joy in their task of taking up the 
infernal things." 

A large portion of the United States fleet was united with the British in 
patrolling the North Sea and participated in the honors given the British Navy 
at the time of the surrender of the German fleet and its submarines. 

LIST OF SHIPS SURRENDERED TO ENGLISH AND 
AMERICAN FLEETS 

The surrender of the German fleet to the British and American fleets was the 
greatest naval capitulation in history. 

The fleet surrendered comprised nine battleships, five battle cruisers, eight 
light cruisers and fifty destroyers, aggregating more than 450,000 tons and, in- 
cluding the submarines interned at Harwich, made up practically 60 per cent, of 
Germany's modern battle strength. 

The dreadnoughts, battle cruisers and light cruisers involved in the surrender 
in accordance with the date at which they were laid down and their tonnage 
constitute the elite of the German sea force and are designated as follows: 
Nine Battleships, Cost $89,000,000. 

N ame Laid Down Tonnage 

Kronprinz Wilhelm 1913 30,000 

Bavern 1913 30,000 

MaVkgr'af".';;:::::::::::::::::::::::.:.... 1911 24,700 

Grosser Kurfuerst 1911 24,700 

Kaiser 1909 24,700 

KtiserinZ::z:::z:z:::::zz:: 1910 24,700 

Prinzregent Luitpold 1910 25,000 

Koenie Albrecht 1910 24,700 

FHed^rich der Grosse 1909 J^TOO 233,200 

Eight Light Cruisers, Cost $12,200,000. 

Name Laid Down Tonnage 

Brummer 1914 4,000 

Bremen 1914 5,400 

KarlsruheT.: 1913 5,500 

Pillau 1913 4,500 

Frankfurt 1914 5,400 

Nuernberg 9 4 5,400 

Koeln 1914 5,400 

Dresden.'.".'.':."::... 1906 3,000 38,600 

Five Battle Cruisers, Cost $75,000,000. 

N ame Laid Down Tonnage 
Derfflineer 1911 28,000 

HhSur g :::: 1913 28,000 

Sevdlitz 1910 25,000 

Moltke 1909 23,000 

vonderTann::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1907 19,000 123,000 

Grand Total (not including Destroyers and Submarines) 394,800 



32 



After the Armistice and before the "Treaty of Peace" was signed this fleet 
while in British waters and in British possession, but under German care-takers, 
was dishonorably sunk by the German care-takers under orders from Germany, 
About the same time Germans destroyed French flags captured in 1870 that 
they had agreed to return. 

GERMANY SUBMARINES 

The Commander of the Submarine Base in Flanders reported that the 
Lusilania (sunk May 7th, 1915; loss, 1,198 — 755 passengers, balance crew; 124 
Americans; 35 infants), also the Laconia, were sunk by two German U-Boat 
Commanders, both of whom were lost later with their submarines. This Base 
Commander denies that any of their submarines destroyed small boats attempt- 
ing to escape from their vessels when torpedoed. 

He reports Lord Kitchener was lost on a boat that struck a submerged mine. 

London reports that out of 203 German submarines lost, 120 were sunk with 
all on board. Of the others about sixty per cent, of the crew were lost. 

Of 59 English submarines lost, 39 were destroyed by Germans, 4 interned, 
7 were blown up, 4 lost by accident and 5 in collisions. 

THESE NATIONS WON 

S oldiers 

For Democracy Population Inihe War 

United States 103,600,000 4.000 000 

British Empire 434,287,000 7,500,000 

France 39.602,000 7.570,000 

Italy 36.546,000 5 500.000 

Belgium 7,571,000 500,000 

Serbia 4,548,000 250,000 

Russia 171,060,000 20,000,000 

Rumania 7,508,000 250,000 

Portugal 5,958,000' 50,000 

Japan 55,968,000 50,000 

Total 866,648,000 45,671,000 

THESE NATIONS LOST 

Soldiers 
For Autocracy Population In the War 

Germany 67,812,000 10.500,000 

Austria-Hungary 49.882,000 7,000,000 

Bulgaria 4,753 000 1,000,000 

Turkey 21,274,000 2,500,000 

Total 143,721,000 21,000,000 

China, Greece, Liberia, Panama, Cuba, Siam, Montenegro, Hayti also de- 
clared war on Germany. Statistics are not available for the armies of these 
nations. 

Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, 
Peru, Uruguay and Egypt severed diplomatic relations with Germany. 

GERMAN AIR RAIDS 

"Altogether, from Dec. 25, 1914, to the last raid, July 20, 1918, the Germans 
made sixty-one attempts on Britain by airplanes, in which they lost fifty-nine 
planes, by gunfire, accident or collision, killed 766 and injured 2,001. From 
April, 14, 1914, to July 5th, 1918, Hun Zeppelins visited Britain fifty-six times, 
killed 517 and injured 1,153. Their own losses during these raids were at least 
thirteen airships." 

SHIPS SUNK BY GERMAN SUBMARINES AND MINES 

Official Report, Navy Department, covers sinkings from August, 1914, to 
November 1, 1918: 



33 



Ships Tonnage 

Great Britain (Merchant) 2,475 7,774,935 

Great Britain (Fishing) 672 71,935 

Norway 781 1,178,335 

France 528 907,168 

Italy 565 852,121 

United States 125 385,967 

Greece 162 337,545 

Denmark 225 239,922 

Sweden 185 201,733 

Holland 105 199,976 

Russia 124 183,852 

Spain 79 167,793 

Japan 29 120,784 

Portugal 71 92,382 

Belgium 34 81,408 

Total 6,160 12,795,856 

The great Naval Battle "Jutland," May 31, 1916, between British and German 
Fleets, won by British. 

MARINE CORPS 
Official From Headquarters Marine Corps, May 8, 1919 

On April 6th, 1917, when war was declared, the U. S. Marine Corps consisted 
of 13,266 regulars and 36 reservists, making a total of 13,302 men. On November 
11th, 1918, when the Armistice was declared, there were 63,716 regulars and 
6,758 reservists, a total of 70,474. On April 8th, 1919, the force consisted of 
51,807 regulars and 6,468 reservists, a total of 58,275. 

From March 17th to May 5th, 1918, the Marines were in the Verdun sector and 
the subsector of Molainville, with posts of command at Toulon and Moscow. 
From June 1st to July 6th they fought in the Chateau-Thierry sector, fighting 
in the Bois de Belleau from June 6th to 27th, with post of command at Ferme-la- 
Lage. From July 17th to July 23d, they occupied the Soissons sector, attacking 
on the front between the Aisne and the Ourcq rivers between July 17th and 21st, 
with posts of command at Viviers and Vierzy. August 1st to 17th found them in 
the Marbach sector, in the front line during the first nine days of the month, with 
post of command at Scarponen. From August 25th to 31st they were in training 
and entered the St. Mihiel sector on September 12th, leaving there on the 18th, 
having fought the battles of Thiaucourt, Bois de Minorville and Xammes Joulny. 
They rested at Toul the week of September 18th to 25th and entered the Cham- 
pagne on September 30th. The next day they went into the front line between 
the communication trenches of Bomberg and Custrine, fighting the battle of 
Blanc Mont Ridge on October 3d. Their post of command at this time was at 
Suippe. From October 10th to the 14th they rested at Somme Suippe, and spent 
from the 14th to the 23d in changing position. On November 1st they entered 
the Argonne sector, in the offensive west of the Meuse, leading in the attack on 
Foret de Julnay on November 5th. They remained in this sector until the Armis- 
tice was declared. 

Casualties were as follows : Among the officers there were 238 wounded and 
98 killed in action or died of wounds and disease. Among the enlisted men, 
8,438 were wounded, 2,496 were killed in action or died of wounds or disease and 
77 were taken prisoners, all of whom have been released. 

The entire Fourth Brigade, consisting of the Fifth and Sixth Regiments and 
the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion of Marines, was cited as follows: 

' This Brigade was thrown into battle on a front which was being violently attacked by the 
enemy. It gave proof at once of being a unit of the first order. From its entry into line, in 
liaison with French troops, it broke up a violent enemy attack on an important point of the posi- 
tion, and immediately undertook, on its own account, a series of offensive operations. In the 
course of these operations, thanks to its brilliant courage, its vigor, its push, the tenacity of the 



34 



men, who did not allow themselves to be disheartened either by fatigue or by their losses; thanks 
to the activity and the energy of the officers; and thanks, finally, to the personal action of its 
chief, General James G. Harbord, the Fourth Brigade saw its efforts crowned with success. In 
close liaison with each other, the two regiments and the machine gun battalion effected, after 
twelve days of incessant strife (from the second to the thirteenth of June, 1918), in a very difficult 
terrain, an advance varying between 1,500 and 2,000 meters, on a front of four kilometers, captur- 
ing a large amount of material, taking more than 500 prisoners, inflicting heavy losses on the 
enemy, and wresting from him two strong points of first importance: the village of Bouresches 
and the organized position of the Bois de Belleau." 

The Fifth and Sixth Regiments were cited as follows: 

"Engaged unexpectedly in the offensive of July, 18, 1918, in the middle of the night, on a 
terrain which was unknown and very difficult, displayed during two days, without allowing them- 
selves to stop by fatigue and the difficulties of obtaining food and water, a remarkable ardor and 
tenacity, driving back the enemy 11 kilometers, capturing 2,700 prisoners, 12 cannon and several 
hundred machine guns." 

Of individual decorations, incomplete reports show that the men and officers 
of the Marine Corps received 2 Congressional Medals of Honor, 22 Distinguished 
Service Crosses, 433 Croix de Guerre, 1 Legion of Honor, 39 Croix de Guerre with 
palm, 9 Croix de Guerre with silver star, 55 Croix de Guerre with bronze star 
and 29 Croix de Guerre with gold star. Each unit of the brigade was decorated 
with the Croix de Guerre with palm, the entire brigade being decorated once, the 
Fifth and Sixth Regiments twice each, and the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion once. 

Official: A revised report of casualties in the Marine Corps up to and in- 
cluding March 19th, 1919, issued, shows the total to have been 11,309 officers 
and men. 

WHY THE MARINES WERE SO SUCCESSFUL DURING THE LAST 
GREAT GERMAN RUSH TO PARIS 

250,000 men of the Navy and Marines, most of whom never before handled 
a rifle, were trained. 54,147 qualified as marksmen. 23,222 qualified as sharp- 
shooters and 11,867 qualified as expert riflemen, besides a large number of quali- 
fications in the army courses. 

Today practically every combat ship is able to organize a landing force of 
as many men as it can send ashore, with every man a trained rifleman and many 
of them thoroughly trained machine-gunners. 

During the war the Marine Corps was assigned to and fought with the 
Army. 

LIBERTY LOAN HISTORY 

The First Liberty Loan was announced May 2nd, 1917. The campaign 
began May 15th. The issue was for $2,000,000,000 at 3^% and carried a con- 
version privilege. There were 4J-£ million subscribers who subscribed to over 
$3,000,000,000. Allotment, $2,000,000,000. 

The Second Loan, bearing 4% interest, with a conversion privilege, opened 
October 1st, 1917, and closed October 27th, 1917. Nine million people sub- 
scribed, aggregating $4,617,532,000. Of this amount, $3,808,766,150 was allotted. 

The Third Loan, bearing 4J4%, with no conversion privilege, opened April 
6, 1918, and closed May 4th. The amount asked was $3,000,000,000. Seventeen 
million subscribers took $4,170,019,650, all of which was allotted. 

The Fourth Loan, bearing 4}^% interest, started September 28th and ended 
October 19th, 1918. Twenty-one million subscribers brought total subscriptions 
up to $6,866,416,300— an oversubscription of more than $866,000,000. 

The Fifth Victory Liberty Loan 

4%% Convertible Gold Notes of 1922-1923. 3%% Convertible Gold Notes 
of 1922-1923. Authorized by Act of September 24, 1917, as amended April 4, 
1918, July 9, 1918, September 24, 1918 and March 3, 1919. Issued under De- 






partment Circular No. 138, dated April 21,1919. Date of issue, May 20, 1919. 
Date of maturity, May 20, 1923. Redeemable on June 15 or December 15, 1922. 
Interest payable December 15, 1919, thereafter June 15 and December 15, and 
on May 20, 1923. Amount offered, $4,500,000,000. Amount subscribed, $5,- 
249,908,300. Amount allotted, $4,500,000,000. 

The estimated number of subscribers to the Victory Liberty Loan was 
approximately 12,000,000. 

Over-Sub- 
Subscriptions Subscribers scriphom 

Boston $ 425,159.950 817,822 113.38% 

New York 1,762,684;900 2,484,532 130.57% 

Philadelphia 422,756,100 984,975 112.73% 

Cleveland 496,750,650 1,253,834 1 10.39% 

Richmond 225,146,850 500,000 107.21% 

Atlanta 143,062,050 320,699 99.34% 

Chicago 772,046,550 2,267,411 118.32% 

St. Louis 210,431,950 367,444 107.91% 

Minneapolis 176,114,850 931,767 111.82% 

Kansas City 197,989,100 680,967 101.53% 

Dallas 87,504,250 200,000 92.60% 

San Francisco 319,120,800 994,994 105.84% 

Treasury 11,140,300 

Grand Total $5,249,908,300 

Quota 84,500,000,000 

Victory Loan Oversubscription, $749,908,300—16.66%. Each District but two over-sub- 
scribed its quota. About 60% was subscribed for in sums of $10,000 and less. 

The Five U. S. Loans 

Rale Callable Due 

zy 2 % 1932 1947 

4% 1932 1947 

4% 1927 1942 

4M% 1932 1947 

4M% 1927 1942 

4M% 1933 1938 

4J4% 1933 1928 

l%% 1922 1923 
$50, $100, $500 and $1,000 denominations. 

Finances of the War 

Total cost estimated $25,000,000,000 

Loans to eleven nations 9,000,000,000 

Raised by taxation in 1918 3,694,000,000 

Raised by Liberty Loans 21,345,202.100 

Raised by War Savings Stamps 900,000,000 

War Relief Gifts, about 4,000.000,000 

INTERESTING AND VALUABLE OFFICIAL STATISTICS NOT 
CONTAINED IN ANY OTHER WAR HISTORY 

SUMMARY 
Prepared by Col. Leonard P. Ayres, U. S. A., Chief of the Statistical Branch, War Dept., for the Sec'y of War 

Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part in 
battle. The number who reached France was 2,084,400, and of these 1,390,000 
saw active service in the front line. 

American combat forces were organized into divisions, which consisted of 
some 28,000 officers and men. These divisions were the largest on the Western 
front, since the British numbered about 15,000 and those of the French and Ger- 
mans about 12,000 each. There were sent overseas 42 American divisions and 
several hundred thousand supplementary artillery and service supply troops. 

Of the 42 divisions that reached France 29 took part in active combat 
service, while the others were used for replacements or were just arriving during 
the last month of hostilities. The battle record of the United States Army in 
this war is largely the history of these 29 combat divisions. Seven of them were 



Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from the National Guard and 11 were 
made up of National Army troops. 

American combat divisions were in battle 200 days, from the 25th of April, 
1918, when the first Regular division after long training in quiet sectors, entered 
an active sector on the Picardy front, until the signing of the armistice. During 
these 200 days they were engaged in 13 major operations, of which 11 were joint 
enterprises with the French, British and Italians, and 2 were distinctively American. 

At the time of their greatest activity, in the second week of October, all 29 
American divisions were in action. They then held 101 miles of front, or 23 per 
cent, of the entire allied battle line. From the middle of August until the end 
of the war they held, during the greater part of the time, a front longer than that 
held by the British. Their strength tipped the balance of man power in favor 
of the Allies, so that from the middle of June, 1918, to the end of the war the 
allied forces were superior in number to those of the enemy. 

The total battle advances of all the American divisions amount to 782 
kilometers, or 485 miles, an average advance for each division of 17 miles, nearly 
all of it against desperate enemy resistance. They captured 63,000 prisoners, 
1,378 pieces of artillery, 708 trench mortars, and 9,650 machine guns. In June 
and July they helped to shatter the enemy advance toward Paris and to turn 
retreat into a triumphant offensive. At. St. Mihiel they pinched off in a day 
an enemy salient which had been a constant menace to the French line for four 
years. In the Argonne and on the Meuse they carried lines which the enemy 
was determined to hold at any cost, and cut the enemy lines of communication 
and supply for half the western battle front. 

In January, American troops were holding 10 kilometers, or Q}4 miles, of 
front in quiet sectors. In April their line had lengthened to 50 kilometers. In 
July this figure was doubled and in September tripled. The high point was 
reached in October, with 29 divisions in line, extending over a front of 162 
kilometers or 101 miles, nearly one-quarter of the entire western front. On 
November 11, 1918, the Italians held 14 kilometers, or 2% per cent of the west- 
ern front. 

Another measure of American participation is the effect caused by the rapid 
arrivals of American troops on the rifle strength of the allied armies. One of the 
best indexes of effective man power is the number of riflemen ready for front-line 
service. For example, there are 12,250 rifles in an American division and smaller 
numbers of those of other armies. 

On the first of April the Germans had an actual superiority of 324,000 rifle- 
men on the western front. Their strength increased during the next two months 
but began to drop during June. At the same time the allied strength, with the 
constantly growing American forces, was showing a steady increase, so that the 
two lines crossed during June. From that time on allied strength was always in 
the ascendancy and since the French and British forces were weaker in October 
and November than they were in April and May this growing ascendancy of the 
Allies was due entirely to the Americans. By November 1st the allied rifle 
strength had a superiority over the Germans of more than 600,000 rifles. 

THIRTEEN BATTLES 

American troops saw service on practically every stretch of the western 
front from British lines in Belgium to inactive sectors in the Vosges. On October 
21, 1917, Americans entered the line in the quiet Toul sector. From that date 
to the Armistice American units were somewhere in the line almost continuously. 

It is difficult to cut up the year and 22 days which intervened into well- 
defined battles, for a sense of the entire war on the Western front was a single 
battle. It is possible, however, to distinguish certain major operations or phases 
of the greater struggle. Thirteen such operations have been recognized in which 
American units were engaged, of which 12 took place on the western front and 
one in Italy. 



37 



The first major operation in which American troops were engaged was the 
Cambrai battle at the end of the campaign in 1917. Scattering medical and 
engineering detachments, serving with the British, were present during the action 
but sustained no serious casualties. 

The campaign of 1918 opened with the Germans in possession of the offen- 
sive. In a series of five drives of unprecedented violence the Imperial Great 
General Staff sought to break the allied line and end the war. These five drives 
took place in five successive months, beginning in March. Each drive was so 
timed as to take advantage of the light of the moon for that month. 

The first drive opened on March 21, on a 50-mile front across the old battle 
field of the Somme. In 17 days of fighting the Germans advanced their lines 
beyond Noyon and Montdidier and were within 12 miles of the important railroad 
center of Amiens with its great stores of British supplies. In this battle, also 
known as the Picardy offensive, approximately 2,200 American troops, serving 
with the British and French, were engaged. 

The attack upon Amiens had been but partially checked when the enemy 
struck again to the north in the Armentieres sector and advanced for 17 miles 
up the valley of the Lys. A small number of Americans, serving with the British, 
participated in the Lys defensive. 

For their next attack (May 27th) the Germans selected the French front 
along the Chemin des Dames, north of the Aisne. The line from Rheims to a 
little east of Noyon was forced back. Soissons fell, and on May 31st the enemy 
had reached the Marne Valley, down which he was advancing in the direction of 
Paris. At this critical moment our Second Division, together with elements of 
the Third and Twenty-eighth Divisions, were thrown into the line. By blocking 
the German advance at Chateau-Thierry, they rendered great assistance in stop- 
ping perhaps the most dangerous of the German drives. The Second Division 
not only halted the enemy on its front but also captured from him the strong 
tactical positions of Bouresches, Belleau Wood and Vaux. 

The enemy had by his offensives established two salients threatening Paris. 
He now sought to convert them into one by a fourth terrific blow delivered on a 
front of 22 miles between Montdidier and Noyon. The reinforced French Army 
resisted firmly and the attack was halted after an initial advance of about 6 miles. 
Throughout this operation (June 9-15) the extreme left line of the salient was 
defended by our First Division. Even before the drive began the division had 
demonstrated the fighting qualities of our troops by capturing and holding the 
town of Cantigny (May 28). 

There followed a month of quiet, during which the enemy reassembled his 
forces for his fifth onslaught. On July 15th he attacked simultaneously on both 
sides of Rheims, the eastern corner of the salient he had created in the Aisne 
drive. To the east of the city he gained a little. On the west he crossed the 
Marne, but made slight progress. His path was everywhere blocked. In this 
battle 85,000 American troops were engaged — the Forty-second Division to the 
extreme east in Champagne, and the Third and Twenty-eighth to the west, 
near Chateau-Thierry. 

ALLIED OFFENSIVE 

The turning point of the war had come. The great German offensives had 
been stopped. The initiative now passed from Ludendorff to Marshal Foch, 
and a series of allied offensives began, destined to roll back the German armies 
beyond the French frontier. In this continued allied offensive there may be 
distinguished six phases of major operations in which the American Expeditionary 
Forces took part. 

In four of the six operations the American troops engaged were acting in 
support of allied divisions and under the command of the generals of the Allies. 



38 



The moment chosen by Marshal Foch for launching the first counter-offen- 
sive was July 18, when it was clear that the German Champagne-Marne drive 
had spent its force. The plane chosen was the uncovered west flank of the Ger- 
man salient from the Aisne to the Marne. The First, Second, Third, Fourth, 
Twenty-sixth, Twenty-eighth, Thirty-second and Forty-second American Di- 
visions, together with selected French troops, were employed. When the opera- 
tion was completed (August 6) the salient had been flattened out and the allied 
line ran from Soissons to Rheims along the Vesle. 

Two days later the British struck at the Somme salient, initiating an offen- 
sive which, with occasional breathing spells, lasted to the date of the Armistice. 
American participation in this operation was intermittent. From August 8th 
to 20th elements of the Thirty-third Division, which had been brigaded for train- 
ing with the Australians, were in line and took part in the capture of Chipilly 
Ridge. Later the Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth Divisions, which served through- 
out with the British, were brought over from the Ypres sector and used in 
company with Australian troops to break the Hindenburg line at the tunnel of 
the St. Quentin Canal (Sept. 20-Oct. 20). 

In the meantime, simultaneous assaults were in progress at other points on 
the front. On August 18th General Mangin began the Oisne-Aisne phase of the 
great allied offensive. Starting from the Soissons-Rheims line, along which they 
had come to rest August 6th, the French Armies advanced by successive stages to 
the Aisne, to Laon, and on November 11th were close to the frontier. In the 
first stages of this advance they were assisted by the Twenty-eighth, Thirty- 
second and Seventy-seventh American Divisions, but by September 15th all of 
these were withdrawn for the coming Meuse-Argonne offensive of the American 
Army. 

The day after the opening of the Oise-Aisne offensive the British launched 
the first of a series of attacks in the Ypres sector, which continued with some in- 
terruptions to the time of the Armistice and may be termed the "Ypres-Lys 
offensive." Four American Divisions at different times participated in the opera- 
tion. The Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth were engaged in the recapture of 
Mount Kemmel (August 31 to September 2). The Thirty-seventh and Ninety- 
first were withdrawn from the Meuse-Argonne battle and dispatched to Belgium, 
where they took part in the last stages of the Ypres-Lys offensive (October 31 
to November 11). 

With the organization of the American First Army on August 10th, under 
the personal command of General Pershing, the history of the American Expe- 
ditionary Forces entered upon a new stage. The St. Mihiel (Sept. 12-16) and 
Meuse-Argonne (Sept. 26-Nov. 11) offensives were major operations planned and 
executed by American Generals and American troops. 

In addition to the 12 operations above mentioned, American troops partici- 
pated in the Battle of Vittrio-Veneto (Oct. 24-Nov. 4), which ended in the rout 
of the Austrian Army. 

THE BATTLE OF ST. MIHIEL 

The first distinctly American offensive was the reduction of the St. Mihiel 
salient, carried through from September 12th to September 15th, largely by 
American troops and wholly under the orders of the American commander-in- 
chief. In the attack the American troops were aided by French colonial troops, 
who held a portion of the front line. The Americans were also aided by French 
and British air squadrons. 

The attack began at 5 a. m., after four hours of artillery preparation of great 
severity, and met with immediate success. Before noon about half the distance 
between the bases of the salient had been covered and the next morning troops 
of the First and Twenty-sixth Divisions met at Vigneulles, cutting off the salient 
within 24 hours from the beginning of the movement. 



39 



Two comparisons between this operation and the Battle of Gettysburg em- 
phasize the magnitude of the action. About 550,000 Americans were engaged 
at St. Mihiel; the Union forces at Gettysburg numbered approximately 100,000. 
St. Mihiel set a record for concentration of artillery fire by a four-hour artillery 
preparation, consuming more than 1,000,000 rounds of ammunition. In three 
days at Gettysburg, Union artillery fired 33,000 rounds. 

The St. Mihiel offensive cost only about 7,000 casualties, less than one-third 
the Union losses at Gettysburg. There were captured 16,000 prisoners and 443 
guns. A dangerous enemy salient was reduced, and American commanders and 
troops demonstrated their ability to plan and execute a big American operation. 

THE BATTLE OF THE MEUSE-ARGONNE 

"The object of the Meuse-Argonne offensive," said General Pershing in his 
report of November 20,1918, was "to draw the best German divisions to our 
front and to consume them." This sentence expresses better than any long de- 
scription not only the object of but also the outcome of the battle. Every avail- 
able American division was thrown against the enemy. Every available German 
division was thrown in to meet them. At the end of the 47 days of continuous 
battle our divisions had consumed the German divisions. 

The goal of the American attack was the Sedan-Mezieres railroad, the main 
line of supply for the German forces on the major part of the western front. If 
this line were cut, a retirement on the whole front would be forced. This re- 
tirement would include, moreover, evacuation of the Briey iron fields, which the 
Germans had been using to great advantage to supplement their own iron supply. 
The defense of the positions threatened was therefore of such importance as to 
warrant the most desperate measures for resistance. When the engagement was 
evidently impending the commander of the German Fifth Army sent word to his 
forces, calling on them for unyielding resistance and pointing out that defeat in 
this engagement might mean disaster for the Fatherland. 

On the first day, the 26th of September, and the next day or two after that, 
the lines were considerably advanced. Then the resistance became more stub- 
born. Each side threw in more and more of its man power until there were no 
more reserves. Many German divisions went into action twice, and not a few 
three times, until, through losses, they were far under strength. All through 
the month of October the attrition went on. Foot by foot American troops 
pushed back the best of the German divisions. On November 1st the last stage 
of the offensive began. The enemy power began to break. American troops 
forced back their way to the east bank of the Meuse. Toward the north they 
made even more rapid progress, and in seven days reached the outskirts of Sedan 
and cut the Sedan-Mezieres railroad, making the German line untenable. 

In the meantime (Oct. 2 to Oct. 28) our Second and Thirty-second divisions 
had been sent west to assist the French, who were advancing in Champagne 
beside our drive in the Argonne. The liason detachment between the two armies 
was for a time furnished by the Ninety-second Division. 

In some ways the Meuse-Argonne offers an interesting resemblance to the 
Battle of the Wilderness, fought from May 5th to 12th, 1864, in the Civil War. 
Both were fought over a terrain covered with tangled woods and underbrush. 
The Wilderness was regarded as a long battle, marked by slow progress, against 
obstinate resistance, with very heavy casualties. Here the similarity ends. The 
Meuse-Argonne lasted six times as long as the Battle of the Wilderness. Twelve 
times as many American troops were engaged as were on the Union side. They 
used in action ten times as many guns and fired about one hundred times as 
many rounds of artillery ammunition. The actual weight of the ammunition 
fired was greater than that used by the Union forces during the entire Civil War. 
Casualties were perhaps four times as heavy as among the Northern troops in 
the Battle of the Wilderness. 



The Battle of the Meuse-Argonne was beyond compare the greatest ever 
fought by American troops, and there have been few, if any, greater battles in 
the history of the world. Some of the more important statistics of the engage- 
ment are presented here: 

Days of battle 47 

American troops engaged 1,200,000 

Guns employed in attack 2,417 

Rounds of artillery ammunition fired 4 214,000 

Airplanes used 840 

Tons of explosives dropped by planes on enemy lines 100 

Tanks used 324 

Miles of penetration of enemy line, maximum 34 

Square kilometers of territory taken 1,550 

Villages and towns liberated 150 

Prisoners captured 16,059 

Machine guns captured 2,864 

Trench mortars captured 177 

American casualties 120,000 

RECORD OF 29 COMBAT DIVISIONS 

Twenty-nine combat divisions achieved the successes and bore the losses of 
active operations. The story of their achievements can not be told within the 
limits of this account. 

The First Division was the first in line and the first to enter an active sector. 
It reached France in June, 1917, went into line in October and into an active 
sector in April, 1918. The next three divisions in order of length of service all 
reached France in 1917. 

Three of the 29 divisions were still serving their apprenticeship and had not 
seen much severe battle service at the time of the signing of the Armistice. They 
were the Sixth, the Eighty-first and the Eighty-eighth. It is interesting that of 
the total of 2,232 days which American Divisions spent in line, four-tenths were 
in active sectors. 



Days spent by each division 


in quiet 


and active 


Kilometers advanced against the 


enemy by each 


sectors: 








division: 






Division 


Quiet 


Active 


Total 


Division 


Kilometers 


Per Cent. 


1st 


127 


93 


220 


77th 


ny 2 


9.14 


26th 


148 


45 


193 


2nd 


60 


7.67 


42nd 


125 


39 


164 


42nd 


55 


7.03 


2nd 


71 


66 


137 


1st 


51 


6.52 


77th 


47 


66 


113 


89th 


48 


6.13 


5th 


71 


32 


103 


3rd 


41 


5.24 


82nd 


70 


27 


97 


80th 


38 


4.86 


35th 


92 


5 


97 


26th 


37 


4.73 


32nd 


60 


35 


95 


32nd 


36 


4.60 


3rd 





86 


86 


33rd 


36 


4.60 


89th 


55 


28 


83 


91st 


34 


4.35 


29th 


59 


23 


82 


37th 


30 


3.83 


28th 


31 


49 


80 


30th 


29^ 


3.77 


90th 


42 


26 


68 


5th 


29 


3.71 


37th 


50 


11 


61 


90th 


28}^ 


3.64 


33rd 


32 


27 


59 


4th 


24^ 


3.13 


27th 





57 


57 


78th 


21 


2.68 


30th 





56 


56 


36th 


21 


2.68 


92nd 


51 


2 


53 


79th 


19H 


2.49 


79th 


28 


17 


45 


82nd 


17 


2.17 


4th 


7 


38 


45 


35th 


12X 


1.60 


6th 


40 





40 


27th 


11 


1.41 


78th 


17 


21 


38 


28th 


10 


1.28 


7th 


31 


2 


33 


92nd 


8 


1.02 


81st 


31 





31 


29th 


7 


.89 


91st 


15 


14 


29 


81st 


5V 2 


.70 


88th 


28 





28 


7th 


1 


.13 


36th 





23 


23 


6th 







80th 


1 


17 


18 


88th 








Total 



1,329 



905 



Total 



782M 



41 



The Seventy-seventh National Army Division, composed largely of troops 
from New York City, made the greatest advance — a total of 71}^ kilometers, or 
nearly 45 miles. This was more than 9 per cent, of the ground gained by the 
divisions. If the advances are turned into miles the total advance is 485 miles, 
and the average gain for each division 17 miles. 

The total number of American prisoners taken by Germans was 4,343. 

The price paid for these achievements was 286,000 battle casualties; a heavy 
price when counted in terms of the individuals who gave their lives or suffered 
from wounds ; a small price when compared with the enormous price paid by the 
nations at whose sides we fought. 

The figures given above were corrected to March 1st at the office of the 
Adjutant-General of the Expeditionary Forces. Battle deaths include both killed 
in action and died of wounds. Under wounded are included many slightly in- 
jured, and there is probably some duplication between wounded and died of 
wounds. Artillery brigade losses are included in the figures of the divisions to 
which they were originally assigned. 

The troops not in divisions were largely artillery, headquarters, train and 
other special services attached to groups of divisions operating together in corps 
and armies. 



German 


prisoners captured by 


each division 


Casualties suffered by each division: 




Division 


Men Captured 


Per Cent. 


Division 


Battle Deaths 


Wounded 


Total 


2nd 


12,026 


19.07 


2nd 


4,419 


20,657 


25,076 


1st 


6,469 


10.26 


1st 


4,204 


19,141 


23,345 


89th 


5,061 


8.02 


3rd 


3,102 


15,052 


18,154 


33rd 


3,987 


6.32 


28th 


2,531 


13,746 


16,277 


30th 


3,848 


6.10 


42nd 


2,713 


13,292 


16,005 


26th 


3,148 


4.99 


26th 


2,168 


13,000 


15,168 


4th 


2,756 


4.37 


4th 


2,587 


11,596 


14,183 


91st 


2,412 


3.82 


32nd 


2,898 


10,986 


13,884 


27th 


2,357 


3.74 


77th 


1,990 


9,966 


11,956 


5th 


2,356 


3.74 


27th 


1,791 


9,427 


11,218 


3rd 


2,240 


3.55 


30th 


1,652 


9,429 


11,081 


29th 


2,187 


3.47 


5th 


1,908 


7,975 


9,883 


32nd 


2,153 


3.41 


33rd 


1,002 


8,251 


9,253 


90th 


1,876 


2.97 


89th 


1,419 


7,394 


8,813 


80th 


1,813 


2.87 


82nd 


1,338 


6,890 


8,228 


37th 


1,495 


2.37 


78th 


1,359 


6,800 


8,159 


42nd 


1,317 


2.09 


90th 


1,387 


6,623 


8,010 


79th 


1,077 


1.71 


35th 


960 


6,894 


7,854 


28th 


921 


1.46 


79th 


1,396 


6,194 


7,590 


82nd 


845 


1.34 


80th 


1,141 


5,622 


6.763 


35th 


781 


1.24 


91st 


1,390 


5,106 


6,496 


77th 


750 


1.19 


29th 


940 


5,219 


6,159 


36th 


549 


.87 


37th 


992 


4,931 


5,923 


78th 


432 


.68 


36th 


591 


2,119 


2,710 


81st 


101 


.16 


7th 


302 


1,516 


1,818 


7th 


59 


.11 


92nd 


185 


1,495 


1,680 


92nd 


38 


.06 


81st 


250 


801 


1,051 


6th 


12 


.02 


6th 


97 


479 


576 


88th 


3 

63,079 


.00 


88th 
Total 


27 


63 


90 


Total 


46,739 


230,664 


277,403 








Other units 2,170 


6,471 


8,641 



Gr'd total 48,909 237,135 286,044 

The Ninety-third Division is worthy of special mention. It has not been 
listed among the combat divisions because it was always incomplete as a division. 
It was without its artillery and some other units, and was brigaded with the 
French from the time of its arrival in France in the spring of 1918 until the sign- 
ing of the armistice. Its service in the line was fully as long as that of many of 
the so-called combat divisions. This is indicated by a comparison of its casual- 
ties with those in other divisions. The division was made up of colored soldiers 
from National Guard units of various States. 

Its casualties were 584 killed, 2,982 wounded — total 3,106. 



42 



Casualties in replacements and depot divisions are partly accounted for in 
two ways. In the first place the artillery of a number of these divisions went 
into action separately. Secondly, some replacement units joining combat di- 
visions suffered casualties before the papers involved in their transfer had been 
completed. Hence they were reported in their original organizations. 

Among the 8,641 casualties occurring among "other units "there is one most 
interesting and not inconsiderable group, some of the members of which are in- 
cluded in "troops not in division," and the rest among the casualties of replace- 
ment and depot divisions. These are the men who deserted to the front. They 
went A. W. O. L. (absent without leave) from their organizations in the zone of 
supplies or in the training areas, and found their way up to the battle line where 
many of them took part in the fighting and some of them were killed or wounded. 
These cases were so numerous that General Pershing made special arrangements 
by which trained men who had rendered good service behind the lines could, as 
a reward, secure opportunity to go to the front and take part in the fighting. 

SUMMARY 

The number of men serving in the armed forces of the nation during the 
war was 4,800,000, of whom 4,000,000 served in the Army. 

In the war with Germany the United States raised twice as many men as 
did the Northern States in the Civil War, but only half as many in proportion to 
the population. 

The British sent more men to France in their first year of war than we did 
in our first year, but it took England three years to reach a strength of 2,000,000 
men in France, and the United States accomplished it in one-half of that time. 

Of every 100 men who served, 10 were National Guardsmen, 13 were Regu- 
lars and 77 were in the National Army (or would have been if the services had 
not been consolidated). 

Of the 54,000,000 males in the population, 26,000,000 were registered in the 
draft or were already in service. 

In the physical examinations the States of the Middle West made the best 
showing. Country boys did better than city boys; whites better than colored; 
and native born better than foreign born. 

In this war twice as many men were recruited as in the Civil War and at one- 
twentieth of the recruiting cost. 

There are 200,000 Army officers. Of every six officers, one had previous 
military training with troops, three were graduates of officers' training camps 
and two came directly from civil life. 

TRAINING 

The average American soldier who fought in France had six months of train- 
ing here, two months overseas before entering the line, and one month in a quiet 
sector before going into battle. 

Most soldiers received their training in infantry divisions which are our 
typical combat units and consist of about 1,000 officers and 27,000 men. 

Forty-two divisions were sent to France. 

More than two-thirds of our line officers were graduates of the officers' 
training camps. 

France and England sent to the United States nearly 800 specially skilled 
officers and non-commissioned officers, who rendered most important aid as 
instructors in our training camps. 

SENDING TROOPS OVERSEAS 

During our 19 months of war more than 2,000,000 American soldiers were 
carried to France. Half a million of these went over in the first 13 months and 
a million and a half in the last six months. 



43 



The highest troop-carrying records are those of July, 1918, when 306,000 
soldiers were carried to Europe, and May, 1919, when 330,000 were brought 
home to America. 

Most of the troops who sailed for France left from New York. Half of them 
landed in England and the other half landed in France. 

Among every 100 Americans who went over 49 went in British ships, 45 in 
American ships, 3 in Italian, 2 in French and 1 in Russian shipping under English 
control. 

Our cargo ships averaged one complete trip every 70 days and our troop 
ships one complete trip every 35 days. 

The greatest troop-carrier among all the ships has been the Leviathan, 
which landed 12,000 men, or the equivalent of a German division, in France 
every month. 

The fastest transports have been the Great Northern and the Northern 
Pacific, which have made complete turnarounds, taken on new troops, and started 
back again in 19 days. 

The problems of feeding and clothing the Army were difficult because of the 
immense quantities involved rather than because of the difficulty of manufac- 
turing the articles needed. 

Requirements for some kinds of clothing for the Army were more than twice 
as great as the pre-war total American production of the same articles. 

To secure the articles needed for the Army the Government had to comman- 
deer all the wool and some other staple articles in the United States and control 
production through all its stages. 

The distribution of supplies in the Expeditionary Forces required the creation 
of an organization called the Services of Supply, to which one-fourth of all the 
troops who went overseas were assigned. 

American Engineers built in France 83 new ship berths, 1,000 miles of 
standard-gauge track and 538 miles of narrow-gauge track. 

The Signal Corps strung in France 100,000 miles of telephone and tele- 
graph wires. 

Prior to the armistice, 40,000 trucks were shipped to the forces in France. 

Construction projects in the United States cost twice as much as the Panama 
Canal, and construction overseas was on nearly as large a scale. 

The Army in France always had enough food and clothing. 

SMALL ARMS 

When war was declared the Army had on hand nearly 600,000 Springfield 
rifles. Their manufacture was continued, and the American Enfield rifle de- 
signed and put into production. 

The total production of Springfield and Enfield rifles up to the signing of 
the armistice was over 2,500,000. 

The use of machine guns on a large scale is a development of the European 
war. In the American Army the allowance in 1912 was four machine guns per 
regiment. In 1919 the new Army plans provided for an equipment of 336 guns 
per regiment, or eighty-four times as many. 

The entire number of American machine guns produced to the end of 1918 
was 227,000. 

During the war the Browning Automatic Rifle and the Browning machine 
gun were developed, put into quantity production and used in large numbers in 
the final battles in France. 

The Browning machine guns are believed to be more effective than the cor- 
responding weapons used in any other army. 

American production of rifle ammunition amounted to approximately 
3,500,000,000, of which 1,500,000,000 were shipped overseas. 



44 



ARTILLERY 

When war was declared the United States had sufficient light artillery to 
equip an army of 500,000 men, and shortly found itself confronted with the 
problem of preparing to equip 5,000,000. 

To meet the situation it was decided in June, 1917, to allot our guns to train- 
ing purposes and to equip our forces in France with artillery conforming to the 
French and British standard calibers. 

It was arranged that we should purchase from the French and British the 
artillery needed for our first divisions and ship them in return equivalent amounts 
of steel, copper and other raw materials so that they could either manufacture 
guns for us in their own factories or give us guns out of their stocks and replace 
them by new ones made from our materials. 

Up to the end of April, 1919, the number of complete artillery units pro- 
duced in American plants was more than 3,000, or equal to all those purchased 
from the French and British during the war. 

The number of rounds of complete artillery ammunition produced in Ameri- 
can plants was in excess of 20,000,000, as compared with 9,000,000 rounds se- 
cured from the French and British. 

In the first twenty months after the declaration of war by each country, the 
British did better than we did in the production of light artillery, and we excelled 
them in producing heavy artillery and both light and heavy ammunition. 

So far as the Allies were concerned, the European war was in large measure 
fought with American powder and high explosives. 

At the end of the war American production of smokeless powder was 45 
per cent greater than the French and British production combined. 

At the end of the war the American production of high explosives was 40 
per cent greater than Great Britain's and nearly double that of France. 

During the war America produced 10,000 tons of gas, much of which was 
sold to the French and British. 

Out of every hundred days that our combat divisions were in line in France 
they were supported by their own artillery for 75 days, by British artillery for 5 
days, and by French artillery for \ x /i days. Of the remaining \% x /i days they 
were in line without artillery, 18 days were in quiet sectors, and only one- 
half of one day in each hundred was in active sectors. 

In round numbers, we had in France 3,500 pieces of artillery, of which nearly 
500 were made in America, and we used on the firing line 2,250 pieces, of which 
over 100 were made in America. 

EQUIPMENT 

On the declaration of war the United States had 55 training airplanes, of 
which 51 were classified as obsolete and the other 4 as obsolescent. 

When we entered the war the Allies made the designs of their planes available 
to us and before the end of hostilities furnished us from their own manufacture 
3,800 service planes. 

Aviation training schools in the United States graduated 8,602 men from 
elementary courses and 4,028 from advanced courses. More than 5,000 pilots 
and observers were sent overseas. 

The total personnel of the Air Service, officers, students and enlisted men 
increased from 1,200 at the outbreak of the war to nearly 200,000 at its close. 

There were produced in the United States to November 30, 1918, more than 
8,000 training planes and more than 15,000 training engines. 

The De Haviland-4 observation and day bombing plane was the only plane 
the United States put into quantity production. Before the signing of the 
Armistice 3,227 had been completed and 1,885 shipped overseas. The plane was 
successfully used at the front for three months. 



The production of the 12-cylinder Liberty engine was America's chief con- 
tribution to aviation. Before the Armistice 13,574 had been completed, 4,435 
shipped to the Expeditionary Forces and 1,025 delivered to the Allies. 

The first fliers in action wearing the American uniform were members of 
the Lafayette Escadrille, who were transferred to the American service in Decem- 
ber, 1917. 

The American air force at the front grew from 3 squadrons in April to 45 in 
November, 1918. On November 11 the 45 squadrons had an equipment of 740 
planes. 

Of 2,698 planes sent to the zone of the advance for American aviators, 667, 
or nearly one-fourth, were of American manufacture. 

American air squadrons played important roles in the battles of Chateau- 
Thierry, St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne. They brought down in combat 
755 enemy planes, while their own losses of planes numbered only 357. 

Two out of every three American soldiers who reached France took part in 
battle. The number who reached France was 2,084,000, and of these 1,390,000 
saw active service at the front. 

Of the 42 divisions that reached France, 29 took part in active combat 
service. Seven of them were Regular Army divisions, 11 were organized from 
the National Guard, and 11 were made up of National Army troops. 

American divisions were in battle for 200 days and engaged in 13 major 
operations. 

From the middle of August until the end of the war the American divisions 
held during the greater part of the time a front longer than that held by the 
British. 

In October the American divisions held 101 miles of line, or 23 per cent, of 
the entire western front. 

On the 1st of April the Germans had a superiority of 324,000 in rifle strength. 
Due to American arrivals the allied strength exceeded that of the Germans in 
June and was more than 600,000 above it in November. 

In the battle of St. Mihiel 550,000 Americans were engaged, as compared 
with about 100,000 on the Northern side in the Battle of Gettysburg. The artil- 
lery fired more than 1,000,000 shells in four hours, which is the most intense 
concentration of artillery fire recorded in history. 

The Meuse-Argonne Battle lasted for 47 days, during which 1,200,000 
American troops were engaged. 

The American battle losses of the war were 50,000 killed and 236,000 
wounded. They are heavy when counted in terms of lives and suffering, but 
light compared with the enormous price paid by the nations at whose sides we 
fought. 

CASUALTIES 

Of every 100 American soldiers and sailors who served in the war with 
Germany, two were killed or died of disease during the period of hostilities. 

The total battle deaths of all nations in this war were greater than all the 
deaths in all the wars in the previous 100 years. 

Russian battle deaths were 34 times as heavy as those of the United States, 
those of Germany 32 times as great, the French 28 times and the British 18 times 
as large. 

The number of American lives lost was 122,500, of which about 10,000 were 
in the Navy and the rest in the Army and the Marines, attached to it. 

In the American Army the casualty rate in the Infantry was higher than for 
men. 

For every man killed in battle seven were wounded. 

Five out of every six men sent to hospitals on account of wounds were cured 
and returned to duty. 



46 



In the Expeditionary Forces battle losses were twice as large as deaths from 
disease. 

In this war the death rate from disease was lower, and the death rate from 
battle was higher than in any other previous American war. 

Inoculation, clean camps and safe drinking water practically eliminated 
typhoid fever among our troops in this war. 

Pneumonia killed more soldiers than were killed in battle. Meningitis was 
the next most serious disease. 

Of each 100 cases of venereal disease recorded in the United States, 96 were 
contracted before entering the Army and only 4 afterwards. 

During the entire war available hospital facilities in the American Expedi- 
tionary Forces have been in excess of the needs. 

The war cost the United States considerably more than $1,000,000 an hour 
for over two years. 

The direct cost was about $22,000,000,000, or nearly enough to pay the 
entire cost of running the United States Government from 1791 up to the out- 
break of the European war. 

Our expenditures in this war were sufficient to have carried on the Revolu- 
tionary War continuously for more than 1,000 years at the rate of expenditure 
which that war actually involved. 

In addition to this huge expenditure, nearly $10,000,000,000 have been 
loaned by the United States to the Allies. 

The Army expenditures have been over $14,000,000,000, or nearly two- thirds 
of our total war costs. 

During the first three months our war expenditures were at the rate of $2,- 
000,000 per day. During the next year they averaged more than $22,000,000 a 
day. For the final 10 months of the period from April, 1917, to April, 1919, 
the daily average was over $44,000,000. 

Although the Army expenditures are less than two-thirds of bur total war 
costs, they are nearly equal to the value of all the gold produced in the whole 
world from the discovery of America up to the outbreak of the European war. 

The pay of the Army during the war cost more than the combined salaries 
of all the public-school principals and teachers in the United States for the five 
years from 1912 to 1916. 

The total war costs of all nations were about $186,000,000,000, of which 
the Allies and the United States spent two-thirds and the enemy one-third. 

The three nations spending the greatest amounts were Germany, Great Britain 
and France, in that order. After them come the United States and Austro- 
Hungary with substantially equal expenditures. 

The United States spent about one-eighth of the entire cost of the war, and 
something less than one-fifth of the expenditures of the allied side. 

WHO AND WHAT WON THE WAR? 
LITTLE BELGIUM'S heroic, gallant, but hopeless fight delayed the Germans 

until England and France could organize. 
OLD ENGLAND, by intelligent and desperate fighting, against overwhelming 

odds, prevented the capture of the channel ports. Also by her Naval forces 

and the blockade of German ports. 
FRANCE, with desperate fighting under Marshal JofTre at the first battle of the 

Marne, prevented the capture of Paris, and by her defense of Verdun. 
RUSSIA, by constant fighting, with enormous losses, held large German armies 

in the East and prevented them from going to the Western front, where the 

Germans would have largely outnumbered the Allies. 
UNITED STATES, who sent 2,000,000 across the sea in ten months in time to 

stop the last German effort and rush, and drove to a complete defeat and 

practical surrender Germany's ambition to conquer the world, and byshipping 

40% of all the munitions used by the Allies. 



47 



ITALY, by her last great rush upon the Austrian army prevented them from 
going to the assistance of the Germans in the last days of the war. 
The failure of any one of these might have given the Germans the victory. 

However, the Almighty hand is plainly visible, through all, and to Him must be 

given all praise and thanks. 

THANKSGIVING DAY, 1918 

"God has given us Peace. It has come as a great triumph of right." 



"Thanks for the swiftness and superb spirit with which the army prepared 
for and finished their great task. It surprised our country and amazed the 
world." 



"Thanks to our Navy for its proud achievements, and to our Marines for 
gallantry unsurpassed." 

"Thanks to the ship-builders, the farmers, the railroaders and ammunition 
workers, who made possible the ships, the food, and ammunition, that kept our 
boys supplied — they are deserving of every possible credit." 

"Thanks to the millions of laborers who were steadfast and loyal in mines, 
factories and fields. The country is grateful to them." 



"Thanks to the five and a quarter million of war gardeners, mostly women, 
boys and girls, who produced over $525,000,000 of food." 

"Thanks to the purchasers — poor and rich — of bonds and stamps, who made 
success possible; and thanks to the food conservers who saved many lives." 

"Thanks to the church, fraternal, social, insurance and other organizations 
and people, old, middle-aged and young, business men of all kinds (who con- 
tributed liberally) and worked for our glorious cause." 

UNITED STATES CASUALTIES IN FORMER WARS 

Prior to 1817 the United States engaged in 110 wars, and 8,600 
battles — big and little. 

Casualties in all wars, from War of Independence to Armistice with Germany, 
reached 1,280,000 men. About 595,000 were killed, died of wounds or disease, 
or other causes. The balance of 685,000 were wounded. 

Figures for the War of Independence, and over 100 little wars, are not re- 
corded. It is estimated that the killed, wounded and missing amount to 100,000. 
No records of any kind survived the War of Independence. 

Adding the probable casualties to those of which record has been kept the 
number will approximate 1,500,000, of which 700,000 lost their lives in battle 
or causes due to war. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

General Washington failed to keep a record of the casualties. The number 
of men in the Revolutionary War totaled 356,000; 231,770 were Continental 
forces; 145,000 were militia from the Colonies, but of these many were duplica- 
tions, many men having served three different enlistments. 

No record exists of casualties of many little wars in Indian troubles, between 
1775 and the war of 1812 with Great Britain. 



THE WAR OF 1812 
Regular Army, 60,000 officers and men. Volunteers, 471,000 enlisted, in- 
cluding 31,210 officers. The Regular Army casualties were 65 officers and 1,235 
men. Volunteer casualties, 577 officers and 2,985 men. Regular Army wounded, 
2,985, and 1,015 volunteers. No record was kept of death from diseases, but 
they are known to have greatly exceeded those due to battle. 

MEXICAN WAR— 1846 
May, 1846, Congress declared war on Mexico. The Regular Army consisted 
of 637 officers and 5,925 enlisted men. During the war additions were made — 
officers, 1,635, and 40,934 enlisted men. In addition, the volunteer army num- 
bered 3,131 officers and 70,129 men. Total of 115,847 men. The casualty list 
was 43,299 (killed in battle, 1,777, died of wounds, 954, of disease, 16,054, dis- 
charged for disability, 12,308, accidents, 550, executed sentence of court-martial, 
34. Balance lost through desertion, rejection and other causes). 

WAR FOR THE UNION— 1861-1865 

Nearly 3,000,000 troops fought in this war. On the Union side, 2,324,516. This 
includes many re-enlistments. On the Confederate side, about 700,000. There 
is no complete data as to Confederate figures; their losses are estimated to be 
about 100,000 men killed in action and died of wounds; about 60,000 from 
disease; the wounded, missing, prisoners, etc., nearly 300,000. 

Union casualties. Killed in battle and died from other causes — officers, 
9,584; enlisted men, 349,944. Total, 359,528. Wounded, 275,175. Total, 
634,703. 

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR— 1897-'98 

A total number called for Cuba and the Philippines, 280,564; 45,600 of these 
saw actual service; deaths due to battle and wounds, 1,851 ; disease, 3,730. Total, 
5,581. The Philippine war lasted three years. 122,400 men were sent there. 
Losses, 7,152. 750 were killed in battle; 225 died of wounds; 2,701 died of disease 
and the balance in various ways. Total wounded, 2,820. 

MEXICAN NEAR WAR— 1915-'16 

April, 1915, Navy occupied Vera Cruz. General Funston occupied city 
with about 4,000 Regulars, 3,000 Marines. Later about 20,000 were sent. 

Villa attacked Columbia March 8, 1916. U. S. losses, 7 killed, 7 wounded. 

General Pershing entered Mexico, driving Villa 400 miles; killing some 200. 

May 9, 1916, National Guard, New Mexico and Arizona called out. Later 
all the National Guard of the United States. On July 31 we had on the border 
110,957 and in the States 4,139. Total, 115,096. 

WORLD'S WAR 

1918 — United States Army strength at home and abroad 3,764,000 

1918 — United States Navy strength at home and abroad 497,030 

1918 — United States Marine Corps strength at home and abroad 78,017 

Total 4,339,047 

U. S. ARMY CASUALTIES 

Killed, died of wounds and missing 49,706 

Died from disease 23,451 

Died from accident and other causes 5,071 

Wounded (80% returned to duty) 213,297 291,525 

Not included above, died in the U. S., 1918 34,912 

Navy losses, about 10,000 

Marine Corps Casualties; Official, March 19, 1919 11,309 

Total 347,746 



49 



OFFICAL REPORT FROM THE BRITISH EMBASSY, 
WASHINGTON, D. C, 1919 

Total troops 

sent overseas 

or in training 
Country Nov. 1918 Killed Wounded Missing Total 

United Kingdom 5,704,416 549,969 1,649,946 253,353 2,453,268 

Canada 458,218 55,175 149,733 767 205,675 

Australia 331,814 55,585 151,245 3,121 209,951 

New Zealand 112,233 16,132 40,749 5 56,886 

South Africa 76,184 

India 1,401,350 36,162 62,106 14,042 112,310 



Total 8,084,205 713,023 2,053,779 271,288 3,038,090 

Killed Wounded and Missing— Total 3,038,090 

Sick casualties not included. 

OFFICIAL REPORT FROM THE ROYAL ITALIAN EMBASSY, 
WASHINGTON, D. C, DEC. 24, 1918. 

Men 

Reported strength of the Italian Army before the War 250,000 

Called to the colors, a little less than 5,550,000 

At the last offensive the total strength, including boys born in 1900, was 4,025,000 

Conflicting figures have been published, but information received from our War De- 
partment puts losses at 1,500,000 

Killed in action 350,000 

Died of disease 150,000 

Totally disabled by blindness, loss of limb or tuberculosis 550,000 

The War Cost Italy $12,000,000,000 

Italy declared War on Austria-Hungary on the 24th of May, 1915. 

OFFICIAL REPORT FROM THE RUSSIAN EMBASSY, 
WASHINGTON, D. C, DECEMBER 23, 1918 

Total number of men in Russian Army and Navy before the war 1,400,000 

Total during the war 20,000,000 

Total number killed and died of wounds 3,000,000 

Total number wounded 7,000,000 

Total number of prisoners and missing . 2,000,000 

Aug. 1, 1914— Germany declared war on Russia. 

Aug. 6, 1914 — Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary. 

Nov. 3, 1914 — Russia declared war on Turkey. 

Oct. 9, 1915 — Russia declared war on Bulgaria. 

Russian Indebtedness 

Roubles 

Interior Indebtedness 33,850,000,000 

Foreign Indebtedness 7,471,000,000 

Taxes. 7,045,520,000 

Total 48,366,520,000 

This indebtedness equais $24,006,o6b,000 approximately. 

REPORTED BY THE RUMANIAN LEGATION, 
WASHINGTON, D. C, MAY 12, 1919 

Men 

Rumanian Army before the war, 5,750 officers and 124,000 

The general mobilization raised a total of 810,000 

Two further classes called in 1917 90,000 

The maximum numerical strength was attained in September, 1916. 

Killed, died of wounds or disease, over 200,000 

Prisoners, lost .- - -••-■ 170,000 

There is no knowledge of the exact number wounded and no available exact figures as to 
the present national debt, nor as to the damage sustained during the war. 

The population in 1914 (including the province taken from Bulgaria in 1913) was 8,000,000 

No estimate can be made now until Rumania's new boundaries are determined. The 
territory promised for her participation in the war, together with the Bessarabia, 

would have a population of some 8,000,000 

The losses during the war due to epidemics, falling off of birth rate, etc., would somewhat 
diminish this total. 



50 



CANADA 

Army strength numbered before the war, about 3,000 

During the four years of the war it was increased to 595,541 

Official Casualties 

Killed inaction 35,684 

Died of wounds 12,437 

Died of disease . 4,087 

Wounded 155,839 

Prisoners ,. 3,049 

Presumed dead 4,682 

Missing 398 

Died in Canada 2,287 218,463 

Deaths during 1915 14,500 

Deaths during 1916 56,500 

Deaths during 1917 74,500 

Deaths during 1918 73,000 218,500 

Men sent overseas up to Nov. 15th 418,652 

(See British report page 49.) 

Canadians were especially noted for fighting and gallantry, received numer- 
ous British awards, and lost comparatively very few prisoners. 

War Loans were $695,389,277. Number of subscribers were 1,104,107. 
About $192.00 per capita has been loaned to Canada by its citizens. Estimated 
debt, $2,000,000,000. It will cost the present generation annually $110,000,000. 
1919 pension list is $30,000,000 and will probably increase to $50,000,000. 

FRANCE 

Losses estimated by the French Embassy, Washington, D. C, April 9, 1919. 

Army strength before the war 520,000 

Navy 30,000 

Total called during the war, including above 7,570,000 

Killed 1,400,000 

Prisoners 420,000 

Wounded (approximate) from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 

Disabled (of above number) 1,000,000 6,820,000 

Appropriations— Money Expended $23,496,238,532 

Cost of War — French War Loans 

1st Loan— 1915 $2,150,275,230 

2nd Loan— 1916 1,849,440,367 

3rd Loan— 1917 1,884,220,183 

4th Loan— 1918 3,854,020,400 $ 9,737,956,180 

Short Term Treasury Notes $4,978,333,027 

Total War Taxes 4,464,220,182 $ 9,442,553,209 

Total $19,180,509,389 

In 1870 and 1871, Germany asked from France as indemnity, $1,000,000,- 
000. (Special war levies exacted from different cities not included.) 

Later Report — French Losses Official 
Reported to the Chamber of Deputies July 5, 1919. 

Killed 1,089,700 

Missing _ 265,800 

This is 16.2% of 8,410,000 mobilized. 

Navy Losses 

Killed 5,521 

Missing 5,214 

Total 10,735 

This is 4.19% of the Navy strength. 



.-,1 



German Official Report, April 14, 1919 

Casualties, killed or died of wounds 1,486,902 

Died of disease 134,082 

Claimed civilians died from malnutrition 562,769 

Died of 
Killed Disease 

First Year .. — 481,506 24,329 

Second Year 330,332 30,329 

Third Year 294,743 30,190 

Fourth Year 317,954 38,167 



Total 1,424,535 123,015 

Civilians died from disease claimed to be due to the blockade: 

First Year 88,236 

Second Year 121,174 

Third Year 259,627 

Fourth Year 293,706 762,743 



War Costs 

German revenue four years $ 4,250,000.000 

War expenditures (demobilization expenses to be added) 46,500,000,000 

Damages to Germany 1,112,000,000 

Claims of ship owners 375,000,000 

Relief of soldiers' families 1,692,000,000 

Debts contracted 39,425,000,000 

Upon which the yearly interest is '. 1,975,000,000 

Previous annual expenses 600,000,000 

Annual expenses hereafter 4,750,000,000 

Taxation before the war raised 1,125,000,000 

GERMANY AND HER ALLIES 

1910 Census — Population 

1910 Census 
Population 

Germany 64,926,000 

Austria... 28,325,000 93,251,000 



Hungary 20,886,000 

Bosnia.. 1,898,000 22,784,000 



Bulgaria 4,338.000 

Turkey (approximated) 20,000,000 24,338,000 

Total, Germany and her Allies 140,373,000 

Amounts spent by each Nation for direct war expenses to the spring of 1919 : 

Germany $ 39,000,000,000 

British Empire 38,000,000,000 

France 26,000,000,000 

United States 22,000,000,000 

Austria-Hungary 21,000,000,000 

Russia - 28,000,000,000 

Italy 13,000,000,000 

Belgium-Rumania, Portugal, Jugo-Slavia 5,000,000,000 

Turkey-Bulgaria 3,000,000,000 

Japan-Greece - 1,000,000,000 











$196,000,000,000 


Gross Debt 


world indeb: 

Aug. 1, 1914 
$ 1,000,000,000 


rEDNESS 

Jan. 1, 1919 
$ 21,000,000,000 
40,000,000,000 
30,000,000,000 
27,000,000,000 
12,000,000,000 

40,000,000,000 
25,000,000,000 

$195,000,000,000 


National Wealth 
$220,000,000,000 




3,500,000,000 


85,000,000,000 


France 

Russia 

Italy 


6,500,000,000 

4,600,000,000 

2,800,000,000 


67,000,000,000 
16,000,000,000 


German Empire and States 
Austria-Hungary 


5,200,000,000 
3,700,000,000 

$27,300,000,000 





















52 



France $15,000,000,000 United States 750,000,000 

Belgium 7,500,000,000 Greece 500,000,000 

Great Britain 5,000,000,000 Czecho-Slovakia 500,000,000 

Russia and Poland 7,000,000,000 Japan 250,000,000 

Italy 1,500,000,000 Portugal 100,000,000 

Serbia - . 1,000,000,000 China, Siam, Armenia and 

Rumania 1,000,000,000 others, about 250,000,000 

SEA-GOING MERCHANT SHIPPING OF THE WORLD 

July 1,1914 Dec. 31,1918 

Gross Tons Gross Tons 

Great Britain 20,100,000 16,900,000 

United States 1 ,875,000 5,719,000 

Other Allies 7,675,000 6,840,000 

Enemy Nations 6,325,000 4,360,000 

Neutral Nations 6,640,000 5,786,000 



Totals 42,615,000 39,605,000 

BOY SCOUTS ASSISTED 

Of those between twelve and twenty-one, 350,000 enrolled. They worked 
for the Liberty Loans, the War Savings Stamps, in locating black walnut when 
it was needed, aided the Red Cross, acted as dispatch bearers and messengers on 
many occasions, and whenever needed. 

AFTERMATH 

More than 500 artificial arms and legs furnished in 1919. 

Total number of amputations, about 4,000. 

125 cases of total blindness, all not yet determined as permanent. 

THE HOME GUARD 

German intrigue with a strong spy system working in the United States, 
the blowing up of plants and other acts of violence, made it necessary to have 
protection at home, and to this end the Home Guards were organized. This 
was extended until nearly every city, town and village had its Home Guard organ- 
ization. Excellent work was done in locating German sympathisers, in guard- 
ing bridges, water works, munition factories and other plants engaged in manu- 
facturing supplies for the Army. 

10,000 U. S. SOLDIERS TAKE BRIDES IN FRANCE 

By Associated Press: — That Cupid was nearly as busy as Mars with the 
members of the American Expeditionary Forces and that romance bloomed in 
France in spite of war's alarms is shown by the fact that more than 10,000 French 
women have been wooed and won by American soldiers within one year. The 
majority of the French girls who have become Americans through marrying men 
and officers of the American Expeditionary Forces are stenographers, salesgirls 
or teachers, with a sprinkling of peasant girls and those of the middle class, or 
bourgeoisie. 

The romances are in most cases very similar. A soldier would be billeted 
with a French family, a member of which would be a girl of marriageable age. 
Together they would delve into the intricacies of the French language, foreign 
language being promptly superseded by a combination of Anglo-French jibberish. 

Official War Department Report— 1919 
Per cent of front line held by each Army during September, October and 
November, 1918:— Belgian, about 5%; French, about 57%; British, about 18%; 
American, about 20%. 



53 



THE SALVATION ARMY 

It claims no denomination. Knows no creed. Preaches no dogma. Draws 
no line as to race or color. Its sole endeavor is to alleviate human suffering and 
hardship and teach a practical and straightforward Christianity. 

At the beginning of the war the Salvation Army entered almost unannounced 
on its campaign of service and mercy. 

By September 1st, 1918, it had efficient forces in the field, as follows: 

Officers _ 831 

Chaplains serving under Government appointment 540 

Reading and rest rooms - - 501 

Members and adherents in various branches of active service for the Allies bearing arms 90,000 

Ambulances supplied for service of Allies 44 

Total 91,916 

Raymond B. Fosdick, Chairman of the Commission of Training Camp 
Activities of the United States War Department, said : 

"Four organizations have been recognized by the American Expeditionary 
Forces for serving with the troops: Red Cross, Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion, Knights of Columbus and the Salvation Army. To my surprise I found 
the Salvation Army probably the most popular organization in France with the 
troops. It has not undertaken the comprehensive program which the Y. M. C. 
A. has laid out for itself; that is, it is operating in only three or four divisions, 
while the Y. M. C. A. is aiming to cover every unit of the troops. But its simple, 
homely, unadorned service seems to have touched the hearts of our men. The 
aim of the organization is, if possible, to put a worker and his wife in a canteen or 
a center. The woman spends her time in making doughnuts and pies, and sews 
on buttons. The man makes himself generally useful in any way in which his 
service can be applied. I saw such placed in dugouts way up at the front, where 
the German shells screamed over our heads with a sound not unlike a freight 
train crossing a bridge. Down in their dugouts the Salvation Army folk im- 
perturbably handed out doughnuts and dished out the drinks." 

A United States censor wrote: 

" Out of 200 letters, picked up at random, 180 were from men who admonished 
relatives and friends in America to exert themselves on behalf of the Salvation 
Army because of its splendid service at the front." 

Field Marshals French and Haig commend most highly the good work of 
the Salvation Army and convey the thanks of all ranks of the British Expedi- 
tionary Forces in France for its continued good work. 

The late Colonel Theodore Roosevelt pays a glowing tribute and among 
other things says: 

"I am particularly interested to learn that 6,000 women are knitting under 
the direction of the Salvation Army and with materials furnished by this organi- 
zation here in America in order to turn out garments and useful articles for the 
soldiers at the front. You have done most admirable work and you have made 
very little appeal for funds." 

YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 

The work of the Young Men's Christian Association was a stupendous enter- 
prise. In no previous war was such a project undertaken on such a scale. It 
soon became so useful, so indispensible, that it grew far beyond the limits planned. 

This form of war work was an American idea. The best proof of its value 
was the way the allied nations seized upon it, and France and Italy soon asked 
that similar work be done among their armies, as a sober soldier, a clean soldier, 
a contented soldier, made the best fighting man. 

In France the " Y" did some of its most effective work. In the most literal 
sense it became the saver of men. Many of the " Y" secretaries had miraculous 
escapes, others were wounded, and some killed. Their work in German prison 
camps literally saved thousands of lives. 



54 



In Russia the association had forces; also in Macedonia; in Albania, in 
Turkey, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, India and Egypt; in Palestine, Siberia 
and Japan, and at every place where the flags of the Allies were flying. 

The story of the "Y" work with the American Army may also be told in 
dollars and portray a notable chronicle of American big business, which reflects 
the striking generosity of the American people. In France there were 1,500 
huts and more than 5,000 secretaries, 500 of whom were women. A hut was a 
hole in the hillside, a dark chamber in a cave, or hidden quarry, a little tent in a 
forest camp, a sumptuous hotel in a big city, a former public building, or a great 
chateau. 

The "Y" became the biggest motion picture exhibitor in the world. More 
than 7,000,000 feet of film a week were shown during the summer, and the 
winter demand was still greater. 

At the request of General Pershing and without the means to carry it on 
successfully, they took over the conduct of canteens (the grocery stores of the 
Army). This was done because General Pershing desired the large number of 
men required by him to carry on the canteen service to be released for army 
service at the front. By this means, nearly enough men were released to form 
a division of 28,000 men. 

There were over 600 exchanges or stores. Monthly there was shipped from 
America over 4,000 tons of supplies to stock them. Supplies were also purchased 
in enormous quantities from France and England. In France the "Y" took 
over eight factories, three used for making chocolate, the others biscuits and 
cookies. The sugar came from the United States and France provided the 
chocolate. The American troops in one month were eating 920,000 pounds of 
chocolate and 528,000 tons of biscuits and crackers. The tobacco shipments 
were amazing. In one single order they bought 1,337 tons of tobacco of all 
kinds. 

One single shipment included 900,000 cigars, six carloads of chewing tobacco 
were purchased at one time; 3,000,000 boxes of matches were sold every thirty 
days. Soldiers were enabled to purchase soap, safety razors, blades, shoe strings, 
chewing gum, candles, various kinds of brushes, shoe blacking and jams, jellies, 
sardines and many things not in the Army rations. 

These canteens have always been operated at cost. No effort was made to 
make any profit. Supplies were given to the men free in the front line before 
they went into action and when they were coming out. 

Nothing was sold at a hut except the supplies handed out through the Post 
exchanges or stores. 

Writing paper, envelopes, use of buildings, entertainments, paraphernalia 
for games, education classes, books and magazines, and many other facilities 
were provided free for the soldiers. 

It became necessary to obtain automobiles and 475 originally obtained were 
followed by 1,250 more — an expense of nearly $500,000. 

The work of the "Y" was first to increase the efficiency of the soldier for 
the immediate task of defeating German autocracy. Second, to prepare the 
men for better social relationship after the war. 

120,992 soldiers, sailors and marines signed the following pledge; "I here- 
by pledge my allegiance to the Lord Jesus Christ, as my Saviour and King, and 
by God's help, to fight His battles for the victory of His kingdom." 

These little cards they carried in their Testaments and a copy is on the war 
roll at the New York headquarters. 

The Y. M. C. A. has stuck to its post everywhere and with the Red Cross 
is the only remaining representative of Western Civilization in Russia. 



It was not generally known that by an understanding between the Red Cross 
and the Y. M. C. A. the Red Cross became responsible for serving the sick and 
wounded in the hospital areas and the Y. M. C. A. was not at liberty to work 
in these areas, save on the invitation of the Red Cross. 

It is on record that ten "Y" workers were killed by shell fire or by gas and 
at least forty others were seriously gassed or wounded and 39 more died as result 
of wounds or accidents or as result of disease occasioned by exposure or overwork 
in the front line service. That ten had been cited or decorated for special 
bravery in their work in most dangerous positions. During the fighting in the 
Argonne, 700 "Y" workers, 50 of whom were women, were attached to the dif- 
ferent fighting units, with which they remained, frequently under fire. There 
were also over 200 helping the men under similar conditions in the Chateau- 
Thierry and St. Mihiel drives. 

On Christmas after the Armistice General Pershing wired to the head of the 
Y. M. C. A. work overseas, as follows: 

"With a deep feeling of gratitude for the enormous contribution which the 
Y. M. C. A. has made to the moral and physical welfare of the American Army, 
all ranks join me in sending you Christmas greetings and cordial best wishes for 
the New Year." 

THE AMERICAN RED CROSS 

From the beginning of its war activities the watchword of the American 
Red Cross has been SERVICE — emergency, relief service, supplemental to the 
work of the Quartermaster and Medical Corps of the Army and Navy. 

The object of this service was to help win the war by relieving the sufferings 
and discomforts of men, women and children, whether in the trenches, in camp, 
in the hospital, or as refugees fleeing before the enemy. 

In the line of military relief, the chief aim of the American Red Cross has 
been to furnish such service as would best safeguard the health and comfort of 
American soldiers and sailors, and to protect their families at home. It has ren- 
dered similar service to the fighting men of the Allies. 

In camp and on the march it has served the fighting men by the establish- 
ment of canteens and rest rooms along the lines of communication between the 
front and the rear. Millions have been fed and protected from many hardships. 
At the front the American Red Cross has given additional service with rolling 
canteens, hot drink kitchens and millions of articles of comfort which were dis- 
tributed in the trenches and in the billets a little in the rear. 

As an aid to the Army and Navy authorities it has given an emergency 
service, materially assisted in maintaining sanitary conditions and better health, 
not only among the troops, but among the people with whom they were thrown 
in constant contact. 

In many emergencies the American Red Cross has been of service to the 
Army hospital and ambulance corps by furnishing needed supplies, to say nothing 
of the millions of surgical dressings that have been so freely donated. It has 
served the field hospitals by recruiting nurses, and it has done inestimable 
service to the American nation by its care of the sick and wounded in the base 
hospitals and convalescent homes, both through its nursing service and by be- 
coming the medium of communication between the soldiers abroad and the loved 
ones at home. 

Another service has been the furnishing of food, clothing and comforts to 
Americans taken prisoner by the enemy, and of caring for the sick and suffering 
among the prisoners of other nations who passed through neutral territory on 
their way to their homes. 

The American Red Cross has served with food, shelter and supplies the 
thousands of refugees who were driven from their homes, either as helpless wan- 
derers, or interned in foreign lands. It has served humanity by caring for thou- 



sands and thousands of homeless, helpless, suffering children. It has served by 
assisting in the rehabilitation of much devastated territory and by furnishing 
employment and homes for thousands of dependents. 

The service rendered the peoples of Europe in restricting and preventing 
the spread of tuberculosis has been great. 

In short, by the service it has rendered in hundreds of ways the American 
Red Cross aided the allied commanders and War Councils in maintaining the 
morale of the armies which fought the battles of democracy. 

During the 21 months prior to January 1, 1919, the American people have 
given in cash and supplies to the American Red Cross more than $400,000,000. 
No value can be placed upon the contribution of service, given without stint and 
oftentimes at great sacrifice by millions of our people. Fully 8,000,000 women 
have exerted themselves in this service. From 500,000 members at the beginning 
of the war, the American Red Cross has now over 18,000,000 full paid members, 
not including the Junior Red Cross, numbering perhaps 9,000,000 school children. 

There were 14 divisional managements, each operating as a complete Red 
Cross organization, under which 3,705 local chapters worked. Nearly 370,000,- 
000 surgical dressings and hospital garments were made, valued at about $90,- 
000,000. There were very few paid employees, and these received merely a 
living pittance. It is estimated that over 20,000 men and women at home and 
over 9,500 abroad contributed their services and aided in this great work. It 
required over 6,000 Red Cross workers in France alone, after signing of the 
Armistice, to carry on the relief work. 

During the war and up to October 1, 1918, the Red Cross enrolled 30,000 
nurses, the reserve of the Army and Navy Nurse Corps. 17,000 of this number 
were serving our soldiers and sailors when hostilities ceased, all but 1,158 being 
with the Army. More than half of these patriotic women are on duty abroad. 
About 700 nurses were assigned to the Federal Public Health Bureau or to Red 
Cross service in this country. The remaining 12,000 included those not available 
or eligible for active service, but could be used for home defense and other special 
purposes. 

About $850,000 was expended by the American Red Cross in equipping 
those assigned to oversea duty. About $1,500,000 was expended in equipping 
base hospital units. Uniforms were provided for nurses, nurses' aids, clerical 
help, army dietitians and reconstruction aids in service abroad. Capes were 
furnished to nurses in home service, cantonments and other branches of nursing 
work in this country. 

They made 371,000,000 articles valued at nearly $94,000,000. Children 
did one-tenth of it. 

The American Red Cross has shown itself to be an instrument of peculiar 
flexibility and adapts itself readily to promote relief of suffering humanity. Its 
emblem signifies human sympathy, neutrality as between nations, races, re- 
ligions and classes, and through it all preserves its voluntary and democratic 
character. 

Its chief effort during the war has been to care for our men in the service — 
to aid the Army and Navy, but it developed into an enterprise as vast as the war 
itself. It has done things no other agency could do. 

JEWISH WELFARE BOARD 

Organized originally as a welfare auxiliary to minister to the spiritual needs 
of soldiers and sailors of Jewish faith, the Jewish Welfare Board has served 
millions of men of all faiths in every army camp, hospital, and naval training 
station in this country and abroad, during the period of war and that of demob- 
ilization and reconstruction. It has endeavored to minister to the mind, body and 
spirit of the man in uniform, conducting classes, reading and discussion groups, 
lectures, concerts and entertainments for him, providing delicacies and comforts, 



57 



endeavoring to relieve as far as possible his physical discomforts, and arranging for 
spiritual consolation and ministration in time of need by regular weekly and 
holiday religious services and personal service of rabbis and lay workers. 

The Jewish Welfare Board organized 1,650 classes with a total attendance of 
67,890; 462 clubs, with a total attendance of 24,602; arranged for 617 lectures 
in the camps, with a total attendance of 152,752; provided 2,320 recreational 
activities in towns, with a total attendance of 664,387, and 3,345 in camps, with 
a total attendance of 769,787. It handled in the camps 1,603,842 pieces of mail 
and 28,100 telegrams for the men; held 7,772 religious services, with a total 
attendance of over 300,000. It gave away over 6,400,000 sheets of letter paper, 
over 3,000,000 envelopes, over 58,000 prayer books, over 70,000 Bibles, over 
92,000 religious accessories, over 323,000 pamphlets, over 155,000 magazines, 
over 100,000 books and over 370,000 packages of cigarettes and tobacco. 

In July, 1918, the Jewish Welfare Board sent to France a commission to 
study the situation and make recommendations as to the lines on which it should 
operate. It opened offices and a club-room in Paris, with a representative in 
charge. From this small beginning grew an important work of service, covering 
all important points in France and the occupied territory, including such places 
as St. Aignan, where 70,000 casuals are classified for return to the United States; 
the ports of embarkation, St. Nazaire, Brest and Bordeaux, with their neighbor- 
ing camps, and Tours, Nantes, Dijon, Gievres and Coblenz, where there were 
larger numbers of American troops. In Paris the Jewish Welfare Board rented 
a large house for a recreation centre and in the great Le Mans area had a number 
of huts, each running at full blast and catering to thousands daily. To render 
this service, the Jewish Welfare Board sent men and women overseas, who cooper- 
ated with and supplemented the work of the 14 Jewish Army Chaplains, attached 
to various divisions of the A. E. F. It shipped many kinds of supplies, such as 
writing paper, Bibles, prayer books, Yiddish books, games and various pamphlets 
of interest to the men. For the Passover Holydays the organization sent abroad 
22,440 Haggadahs and 77 tons of matzohs. 

With the return of the troops the transport service of the Jewish Welfare 
Board was inaugurated. Workers were placed aboard the boats to help the 
men during the homeward journey. The Jewish Welfare Board workers con- 
ducted religious services for Jewish soldiers and members of the crew. They 
furnished information regarding civilian life and paved the way for the soldiers' 
readjustment. They arranged entertainments almost daily and dispensed advice 
and good cheer. Jewish Welfare workers met the transports with handkerchiefs, 
postal-cards and other gifts for the soldier, and they traveled with him to de- 
mobilization and debarkation camps. 

To relieve and aid the returning wounded the Jewish Welfare Board organ- 
ized its "Hospital Service Division," to assist in supervising and planning the 
activities at about 90 hospitals throughout the United States. 

Having recognized recreation as a demobilization necessity, entertainment 
units were sent on tour of cantonments and a successful Yiddish opera company 
was organized. A Jewish Welfare worker in Texas inaugurated an Agricultural 
School for 4,000 soldiers and successfully carried through a back-to-the-farm 
movement. Seder services were conducted throughout this country and in 
France by Jewish Welfare Board representatives. 

Reaching the hearts of men, serving loyally and helpfully in a nation's crisis, 
the Jewish Welfare Board has brought together American Jewry in a great cause, 
and stands as the spontaneous and whole-hearted expression of the Jewish 
men and women of this country. It has successfully combated the bugaboo of 
segregation of the Jew from his non-Jewish brother-in-arms and won the recog- 
nition of the United States Government as the authorized Jewish body for war 
welfare work. 



Out of the three million Jews in the United States, nearly 200,000 took part 
in the World War. 114,278 were in the Army, 13,386 were in the Navy, 2,160 in 
the Marine Corps; 8,000 were officers, including one Brigadier-General in the 
Marine Corps, one Rear-Admiral in the Navy, 69 Colonels and Lieutenant- 
Colonels in the Army, 370 Majors, 1,263 Captains and 5,524 Lieutenants; esti- 
mated casualties, 3,500 deaths, 11,000 to 12,000 wounded; 600 received citations, 
3 obtained the Congressional Medal of Honor, of which less than 75 have been 
issued. — Extract from the Jewish American Report. 

KNIGHTS OF COLUMBUS 

They placed at the United States Government's disposal the complete 
resources of their organization of over four hundred thousand men. The Board 
of Directors voted that their insured members should not lose by serving in the 
United States Army or Navy. About forty thousand members entered the 
service despite the double hazard of war and the great influenza epidemic. Their 
insurance system was not impaired. 

The members gave one million dollars before the campaign was extended 
to the Catholic public or others. Their convention decided to raise three million 
dollars. Men of all religious denominations and of none responded to their 
appeal. It was so successful that more than twelve million dollars was subscribed 
for war work, and they earned for the Knights of Columbus a place beside the 
Red Cross and other great relief organizations. Their secretaries were sent 
into the field to serve the men with the colors as they would serve their own sons 
and brothers. 

The services of a chaplain for a regiment of 3,000 men were inadequate, 
and others were sent. Their services were acknowledged by the French Govern- 
ment and the French Government conferred the Croix de Guerre upon two 
chaplains at once upon their first appearance in the front line. Many have since 
been cited in dispatches; one for serving a machine gun all night when the crew 
had been shot down. 

General Pershing issued an order placing the Knights on a par with the 
Red Cross and other organizations. Hundreds of secretaries and chaplains have 
been sent overseas, the former under the supervision of the Knights. Also the 
Knights of Columbus abroad numbered approximately 1,000 chaplains, with 
about 650 secretaries to serve the troops at home. 

The Knights are now on more than 400 ships of the Navy, giving athletic 
and other supplies to the men. The Knights of Columbus War Camp Commu- 
nity has more than 1,800 Councils of different parts of the country. Every- 
where they rendered services similar to the Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. In a 
thousand smaller ways they have rendered valuable service to the men who 
fought and won the war. 

THE WELFARE LEAGUE 

The United States Government officially recognized the following organi- 
zations and liberal appropriations were made by Congress: 

National War Work Council of the Y. M. C. A. (raised $125,282,859). War 
Work Council of the National Board of the Y. W. C. A., National Catholic War 
Council, Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, War Camp Community 
Service, American Library Association, and Salvation Army. 

The field army of these agencies comprised more than 15,000 uniformed 
workers. Additional workers were joining at the rate of 1,000 per month when 
the Armistice was signed. 

About 4,000 buildings were either erected or rented to carry on this work. 
They were of every sort from great resorts at points where American soldiers 



59 



spent their furloughs, rest houses, to moving picture halls, huts and hostess 
houses — open freely to men of all faiths. 

Over 850 libraries and 1,600 branches with 3,600,000 books and 5,000,- 
000 magazines were established and installed, exclusive of 250 libraries on ships 
and over 125,000,000 sheets of stationery were distributed and used monthly. 

Baseball, football and other outdoor games were encouraged, with the aid 
of over 2,000 athletic directors who were engaged. 

About fifteen miles of film were shipped per week for use in the moving 
picture shows, with a weekly attendance of 2,500,000. 

These great agencies extended to the front line trenches where the Y. M. 
C. A. and Knights of Columbus and Jewish Welfare Board distributed chocolate 
and cigarettes to the tired fighters. The American Library Association furnished 
books, and the Salvation Army passed out coffee, pies and doughnuts at the 
front and sewed and mended for our fighters. 

Special reports of the above organizations are free for the asking. Every- 
body should obtain them. 

THE YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
IN THE WAR 

Perhaps Hostess Houses will serve in a measure to illustrate what the Y. 
W. C. A. did during the war. It built and operated one hundred and twenty- 
four; sixty-two are still open in demobilization camps, and at the request of the 
Government two more are building at Otine and Fort Sheridan. These are 
two of the camps that in the future will have only base hospitals and the Hostess 
Houses are the only places where women relatives of men can be entertained. 

In fourteen houses in one year the Y. W. fed 900,000 people. Frequently 
one thousand a day were fed at Camp Mills. At Mitchell Field, the big aviation 
center which accomodates 55,000 men, often 1,500 were fed daily, and at Hazle- 
hurst, Long Island, with a normal camp accommodation of 2,000 men, and with a 
Hostess House built for 100, 27,000 people were fed in a single month. In some 
places where the Hostess Houses had been closed, it was necessary to reopen 
them, and at Camp Gordon, where all were closed, it was necessary to reopen 
two. 

In Newport News and in the Debarkation Hostess House in New York City 
the special care right now is war brides, over 2,000 having passed through the 
doors of the latter house up to September 1. 

The Y. W. C. A. has made permanent gift to the country since those houses 
that have been built at permanent army posts will become a feature of those posts, 
though the Y. W. will not continue to conduct them. Eight Y. W. C. A. workers 
recently left for work in Siberia; six for Russia, where there is already one center 
with five workers; a unit has sailed for Armenia; work has begin in Italy; the 
Polish Grey Samaritans, trained to do relief work in Poland, are on the ground, 
and appeals are being considered from ten other countries. 

Helping to correct acute living conditions brought about by war by using 
present housing facilities to the maximum through room registry, etc., club and 
recreation activities, work in social morality, religious and educational work, 
developing morale and leadership among students, younger girls, business and 
professional women — in short, post-war emergencies will absorb every penny of 
the United War Campaign Fund. 

In the industrial work war money constructed, equipped and maintained 
three buildings in the industrial sections of Buffalo, Detroit and Bridgeport. 

It rented, equipped and maintained nine Industrial War Service Centers. 

It paid the salaries of workers and running expenses of nine centers in connec- 
tion with the Dupont and Hercules plants for women munition workers. 



130 



It maintained the Ardsley-on-the-Hudson vacation home, and is maintain- 
ing 34 summer camps. It is maintaining centers in two mining town regions, 
in two mill villages, and in two canning and fruit picking regions of California. 

It trained young women; it helped to finance a course in Industrial Super- 
vision at Bryn Mawr; it trained and placed 300 secretaries, and it interested 
young girls all over the country in war work, in community service, in out-door 
clubs, in reading clubs, and in popularizing good health. 

In addition to reaching the women in industry and the girls in school, with 
its many International Institutes it has reached the woman secluded in the four 
walls of her home. 

HUMOR IN LETTERS RECEIVED AT THE WAR DEPARTMENT 

"Both sides of our parents are old and poor." 

"Please send me a wife's form." 

"Dear Mr. Wilson: I have written to Mr. Headquarters and received no 
reply and if I don't get one I am going to write to Uncle Sam himself." 

"We have your letter. I am his father and grandmother. He was born 
and bred up in this house according to your instructions." 

"I ain't received my pay since my husband went away from nowhere." 

"You have changed my little boy into a girl. Will it make any difference?" 

"Please let me know if John has put in an application for wife and child." 

" I am writing to ask why I have not received my elopement, his money was 
kept from him for the elopement which I have never received." 

"You have taken away my man to fight and he was the best fighter I ever 
had." 

" Now you will have to keep me, or who in Hell will if you don't." 

" My boy has been put in charge of a spitton (platoon). Will I get any more 
money now?" 

"My son is in Co Infancy." 

"Please tell me if he is living or dead and if so what is his address?" 

DEATH AWARDS, ALLOTMENTS AND INSURANCE 

Washington, May 5, 1919 

Soldiers' dependents now obtain $800,000,000 and disability claims are in- 
creasing; 17c of every Victory Loan dollar is now required to support families of 
war deaths. 

Up to Nov. 11, 1918, monthly claims were $124,247,735. Compensation 
claims for disability, May 5, 1919, are $400,000 per month. Compensation 
death awards Nov. 11, 1918, called for $90,298.24. On May 15, 1919, they called 
for $450,000 per month. 

Insurance death awards, Jan. 1, to May 1, 1919, are now three times as great 
as the number in 1918, when it was $135,261. Now, May 5, the total is about 
$800,000. Insured men are urged to keep up the war insurance after they are 
discharged until the Government is ready to convert it into a permanent form 
of Government Insurance. 



In 1915 Germany introduced poisonous gases as a new method of warfare. 
They suddenly enveloped the British and French lines at Ypres. It was so 
powerful that during 1918 from twenty to thirty per cent, of the United States 
casualties were due to gas. 

At the Armistice we were prepared to supply gas more rapidly than France, 
Germany and England combined. 



61 



UNITED STATES FOOD FOR EUROPE 

During the last twelve months of the war we shipped seventeen million tons 
of food to Europe — about three times the usual amount— and larger stocks re- 
mained at home than ever before — this to the credit of our farmers. Of the 
$3,000,000,000 worth sent the same year all except $100,000,000 worth was sold 
to foreign governments for cash or bonds. The $100,000,000 worth was given 
to the destitute. 

$100,000,000 in money was sent to Mr. Hoover, who reported 10% of it as 
being used absolutely for charity and to the credit of the American people — a 
large American Relief Administration for European children continued to carry 
on relief work for children. 



Four of the sixteen new governments in Europe are patterned after the 
United States and need no assistance except moral and political education. 
They are: Finland, Poland, Czecho-Slovakia and Jugo-Slavia. 

CURIOUS NAMES ON ARMY ROLL 

Paris Green helped win the war. So did a Little Kittie Karr and a Dinner 
Bell. All of them were in the army, according to file cards in the bureau of war 
risk insurance. Green lives in Huntington, W. Va., Little Kittie Karr makes 
his home in Norfolk, Va., and Dinner Bell Page was rung into the service from 
Urick, Mo. Some others who appear in the bureau's files are: 

Asad Experience Wilson, of Van Hook, N. D.; Mih Gosh, of Chicago; Green 
Horn, of Statesboro, Ga. ; Velvet Couch, of Brinkley, Ariz.; Will Swindle, of 
Center, Tex.; Slaughter Bugg, of Oscar Tarbin, La., and E. Pluribus Brown, 
of Perry, Ga. 

Chocolate Candy Clark, Owen Money, Willie Darling, Great Briton Turner, 
Wiley Fox Hunter, Green Berry Anderson, Youstus Horrible Riner, George 
Sleeps From House, Handsome Pleasant Ayres, Green Hue Jackson, Lloyd 
George Parliament, Grief Grimes, Precious Eugene Grant, Free Office Graves, 
Huckleberry Shell, Isaac Didnot Butcher and Fine German also are listed. 

The broad jump record in names goes to a resident of Salmon, Idaho, who 
hurdles five before he reaches the tape. He is Harry Adolph Thomas Richard 
Eugene Bullock and the clerks in the bureau are tempted to disturb Mr. Bullock's 
continuity by punctuating him. 

The clerks have found 49 ways of spelling Aloysius and 18 ways of spelling 
Ignatz. There were 53,000 Johnsons, 51,000 Smiths and 18,500 Walkers in the 
service. Forty-seven thousand Williamses were with the colors. There were 
51 Jose Rodriguez's in the 374th infantry. 

Abraham Lincolns, George Washingtons, Robert E. Lees and William 
Jenningses were in the service by the hundreds. Napoleon Bonaparte, or rather 
a dozen of him fought for the United States. General Grant, General Welling- 
ton and General Jackson also helped beat the Germans. Quite a few Virgin 
Marys were in the army too. These latter were largely men of Latin descent. 
Orange Cobb, of Norlina, N. C, and his son, Lemon Cobb were in the service. 



CHIEF EVENTS OF THE WAR 



1914 

June 28 — Francis Ferdinand shot at Serajevo. 
July 5 — Kaiser's War Council at Potsdam. 
July 23 — Austro-Hungarian note to Serbia. 
July 28 — Austria declared war on Serbia. 
July 31 — State of war in Germany. 
Aug. 1 — Germany declared war on Russia. 
Aug. 2 — German ultimatum to Belgium. 
Aug. 3 — Germany declared war on France. 
Aug. 4 — Great Britain declared war on 

Germany. 
Aug. 10 — France declared war on Austria. 
Aug. 12 — Great Britain declared war on 

Austria. 
Aug. 15 — Fall of Liege. 
Aug. 16 — British Army landed in France; 

Russian advance into East Prussia. 
Aug. 20 — Germans occupied Brussels. 
Aug. 23 — Japan declared war on Germany. 
Aug. 24 — Fall of Namur. 
Aug. 25 — Sack of Louvain. 
Aug. 27 — German victory of Tannenberg. 
Aug. 28 — British victory in the Bight. 
Aug. 29 — New Zealanders in Samoa. 
Sept. 2 — Russians took Lemberg. 
Sept. 3 — Paris Government at Bordeaux. 
Sept. 4 — Pact of London signed. 
Sept. 5 — End of retreat from Mons. 
Sept. 6 — First Marne battle begun. 
Sept. 15 — First Aisne battle begun. 
Sept. 10 — Russians evacuated East Prussia. 
Sept. 23— First British air raid in Germany. 
Oct. 9— Fall of Antwerp. 
Oct. 13 — Belgian Government at Havre. 
Oct. 20 — First battle of Ypres begun. 
Nov. 1 — Naval action off Coronel. 
Nov. 5 — Great Britain declared war on 

Turkey. 
Nov. 7 — Fall of Tsing-tao. 
Nov. 10 — Emden sunk. 
Nov. 21 — British occupied Basra. 
Dec. 2 — Austrians in Belgrade. 
Dec. 8 — Naval battle off the Falklands. 
Dec. 14 — Serbians retook Belgrade. 
Dec. 16 — Germans bombarded W. Hartelpool. 
Dec. 18 — Hussein Kamel, Sultan of Egypt. 
Dec. 24 — First air raid on England. 

1915 

Jan. 24 — Naval battle off Dogger Bank. 
Feb. 2 — Turks defeated on Suez Canal. 
Feb. 18 — U-boat "blockade" of England. 
Feb. 25 — Allied fleet attacked Dardanelles. 
Mar. 10 — British captured Neuve Chapelle. 
Mar. 22 — Russians took Przemysl. 
April 22 — Second battle of Ypres begun. First 

gas attack by Germans. 
April 25 — Allied landing at Gallipoli. 
May 3 — Battle of the Dunajec. 
May 6 — Battle at Krithia, Gallipoli. 
May 7 — Lusitania torpedoed. 
May 8 — Germans occupied Libau. 
May 11 — German repulse at Ypres. 
May 12 — General Botha occupied Windhuk, 

(Africa). 
May 16— Russian retreat to the San. 



May 23 — Italy declared war on Austria. 

May 25 — British Coalition Cabinet formed. 

June 2 — Italians cross Isonzo. 

June 3 — Russians evacuated Przemysl. 

June 22 — Austro-Germans recaptured Lem- 
berg. 

July 2 — Pommern sunk in Baltic. 

July 9 — German Southwest Africa con- 
quered. 

July 24 — Nasiriyeh, on Euphrates, taken. 

Aug. 4 — Fall of Warsaw. 

Aug. 5 — Fall of Ivangorod. 

Aug. 6 — New landing at Sulva Bay. Ger- 
mans took Warsaw. 

Aug. 8 — General Birdwood's advance at 
Anzac. 

Aug. 17— Fall of Kovno. 

Aug. 18 — Russian victory in Riga Gulf. 

Aug. 19 — Fall of Novo-Georgievsk. 

Aug. 21 — Cotton declared contraband. 

Aug. 25 — Fall of Brest-Litovsk. 

Sept. 1 — General Alexieff as Chief of Staff. 

Sept. 2 — Fall of Grodno. 

Sept. 5 — Czar as Generalissimo. 

Sept. 7 — Russian victory near Tarnopol. 

Sept. 18— Fall of Vilna. 

Sept. 21 — Russian retreat ended. 

Sept. 25 — Battle of Loos and Champagne. 

Sept. 28 — Victory at Kut-el-Amara. 

Oct. 4 — Russian ultimatum to Bulgaria. 

Oct. 5 — Allied landing at Saloniki. 

Oct. 6 — Austro-German invasion of Serbia. 

Oct. 9 — Belgrade occupied: 

Oct. 14 — Bulgaria at war with Serbia. 

Oct. 17 — Allied note to Greece. 

Oct. 22 — Bulgarians occupy Uskub. 

Oct. 28— M. Briand French Premier. 

Nov. 5 — Fall of Nish. 

Nov. 22— Battle of Ctesiphon. 

Nov. 29 — British withdrew from Ctesiphon. 

Dec. 2 — Fall of Monastir. 

Dec. 3 — General Townshend at Kut. 

Dec. 9 — Allied retreat in Macedonia. 

Dec. 13 — Saloniki lines fortified. 

Dec. 15 — Haig British Commander in Chief 

Dec. 19 — Withdrawal from Gallipoli. 

Dec. 25 — Turkish defeat at Kut. 

1916 

Jan. 8 — Gallipoli evacuation complete. 

Jan. 13 — Fall of Cettigne. 

Feb. 9 — General Smuts appointed to East 

Africa. 
Feb. 16 — Russians entered Erzerum. 
Feb. 18 — German Kamerun conquered. 
Feb. 21 — Battle of Verdun begun. 
Feb. 24 — Germans took Fort Douamont. 
Mar. 16 — Admiral von Tirpitz dismissed. 
April 9 — German assault at Verdun. 
April 17 — Russians entered Trebizond. 
April 24 — Rebellion in Ireland. 
April 29 — Fall of Kut-el-Amara. 
May 24 — British Conscription Bill passed. 
May 31— Battle of Jutland. 
June 4 — General Brusiloff's offensive. 
June 5 — Lord Kitchener lost at sea. 



63 



CHIEF EVENTS OF THE WAR— Continued 



June 14 — Allied Economic Conference in 

Paris. 
June 21 — Mecca taken by Grand Sherif. 
July 1 — Somme battle begun. 
July 25 — Russians occupied Erzinjan. 
Aug. 6 — Italian offensive on Isonzo. 
Aug. 9 — Gorizia taken by Italians. 
Aug. 10 — Russians at Stanislau. 
Aug. 27 — Rumania entered the war. 
Aug. 29— Hindenburg Chief of Staff. 
Sept. 15 — First use of "tanks" by British in 

battle of the Somme. 
Sept. 26 — British took Thiepval and Combles. 
Oct. 10 — Allied ultimatum to Greece. 
Nov. 1 — Italian advance on Carso. 
Nov. 13 — British victory on the Ancre. 
Nov. 18 — Serbians and French took Monastir. 
Nov. 21 — Charles I. succeeds Francis Joseph. 
Nov. 29— Grand Fleet under Sir D. Beatty. 
Dec. 1 — Anti-allied riot in Athens. 
Dec. 5 — Resignation of Mr. Asquith. 
Dec. 6 — Germans entered Bucharest. 
Dec. 7 — Mr. Lloyd George Prime Minister. 
Dec. 12 — German "peace proposals." 
Dec. 15— French victory at Verdun. 
Dec. 20 — President Wilson's peace note. 

1917 

Jan. 1 — Turkey denounced Berlin Treaty. 

Feb. 1 — "Unrestricted" U-boat war begun. 

Feb. 8 — America broke with Germany. 

Feb. 24 — British recaptured Kut-el-Amara. 

Mar. 11 — British entered Bagdad. 

Mar. 12 — Revolution in Russia. 

Mar. 15 — Abdication of the Czar. 

Mar. 18 — British entered Peronne. 

Mar. 21 — First British Imperial War Cabinet 

April 6 — America declared war on Germany. 

April 9 — Battie of Vimy Ridge begun. 

May 4 — French took Craonne. 

May 14 — New Italian offensive. 

May 15 — General Petain French Commander- 
in-Chief. 

May 18 — Selective draft law passed in United 
States. 

June 7 — British victory at Messines Ridge. 

June 12 — Abdication of King Constantine. 

June 26 — First American Troops in France. 

June 29 — General Allenby commander in 
Egypt. 

July 1 — Last Russian offensive began. 

July 14 — Bethmann-Hollweg dismissed. 

July 17— British Royal House styled "Wind- 
sor." 

July 19 — Reichstag "peace" resolution. 

July 21 — Kerensky in power in Petrograd. 

July 24 — Russian defeat in Galicia. 

July 31 — Great allied attack around Ypres. 

Aug. 29 — President Wilson's note to the Pope 

Sept. 4 — Germans occupied Riga. 

Sept. 15 — Russian Republic proclaimed. 

Sept. 28 — British victory at Ramadieh. 

Oct. 9 — Allied attack in Flanders. 

Oct. 24 — Italian defeat at Caporetto. 

Oct. 29— Fall of Udine. 

Oct. 30 — Chancellor Michaelis dismissed. 



Oct. 31 — British captured Beersheba. 

Nov. 1 — German retreat on Chemin des 
Dames. Hertling German Chancellor. 

Nov. 4 — British troops in Italy. 

Nov. 6 — British stormed Passchendaele 
Ridge. 

Nov. 7 — Lenine and Trotzky in power; Bol- 
shevist coup d'etat in Russia. 

Nov. 9 — Italian stand on the Piave. 

Nov. 16 — Clemenceau Ministry. 

Nov. 17— British in Jaffa. 

Nov. 18— General Maude's death in Mesopo- 
tamia. 

Nov. 20 — British victory at Cambrai. 

Nov. 29 — First plenary session of Interallied 
War Council. 

Nov. 30 — German success at Cambrai. 

Dec. 6 — Armistice on Russian front. 

Dec. 10 — British enter Jerusalem. 

Dec. 22 — Brest-Litovsk Conference opened. 

Dec. 26 — Sir R. Wemyss First Sea Lord. 

1918 

Jan. 8 — President Wilson's fourteen points. 

Jan. 20 — Breslau sunk; Goeben damaged. 

Feb. 1 — Germany recognized Ukraine. 

Feb. 9 — Ukraine peace of Brest-Litovsk. 

Feb. 18 — German invasion of Russia. 

Feb. 21 — British capture Jericho. 

Feb. 24 — Turks recover Trebizond. 

Feb. 25 — Germans at Reval. 

Mar. 3 — Russian peace of Brest-Litovsk. 

Mar. 7 — German peace with Finland. 

Mar. 11 — Turks recover Erzerum. 

Mar. 13 — Germans at Odessa. 

Mar. 14 — Brest-Litovsk Treaty ratified at 
Moscow. 

Mar. 21 — German offensive in France. 

Mar. 28 — First long-distance bombardment 
of Paris. 

Mar. 24 — Bapaume and Perronne lost. 

Mar. 28 — General Foch made allied Gen- 
eralissimo. 

April 5 — Allied landing at Vladivostok. 

April 11 — Armentieres lost. 

April 13 — Turks occupied Batum. 

April 22 — Naval raid on Zeebrugge and Os- 
tend. 

April 24 — Battle for Amiens. 

April 26— Kemmel Hill lost. 

April 27 — Turks occupied Kars. 

April 30 — Germans at Viborg. 

May 1 — Germans at Sebastopol. 

May 7 — Rumanian peace of Bucharest. 

May 9 — Second raid on Ostend. 

May 27 — Second German offensive. 

May 29 — Soissons lost; Rheims held. 

May 31 — Germans reached Marne. 

June 1 — Attacks toward Paris held. 

June 9 — New German assault. 

June 15 — Austrian offensive in Italy. 

June 23 — Great Austrian defeat. 

July 2 — One million Americans in France. 

July 15 — Last German offensive. Second 
Marne battle begun. 

July 16 — Ex-Czar shot at Ekaterinburg. 



64 



CHIEF EVENTS OF THE WAR— Concluded 



July 18 — General Foch's counterattack. Vic- 
torious Franco- American offensive on the 
Marne and Aisne. 

July 20 — Germans recrossed the Marne. 

Aug. 2— Soissons recovered. 

Aug. 8 — British attack at Amiens. 

Aug. 29 — Bapaume and Noyon regained. 

Sept. 1 — Peronne recovered. 

Sept. 2 — Drocourt-Queant line breached. 

Sept. 12 — American attack at St. Mihiel. 

Sept. 15 — Austrian peace note. 

Sept. 17 — New Macedonian offensive. 

Sept. 25— Bulgaria proposed armistice. 

Sept. 27 — Hindenburg line broken. 

Sept. 29 — Bulgaria surrendered. 

Sept. 30 — Fall of Damascus. Chancellor 
Hertling resigns. 

Oct. 1 — St. Quentin regained. 

Oct. 4 — Abdication of King Ferdinand. 

Oct. 9 — Cambrai regained. 

Oct. 13 — French recovered Laon. 

Oct. 14 — British troops at Irkutsk. 

Oct. 15 — British in Horns. 

Oct. 17 — Ostend, Lille, Douai regained. 



Oct. 19 — Bruges rcoccupied. 

Oct. 20 — Belgian coast clear. 

Oct. 25 — Ludendorff resigned. 

Oct. 26— Aleppo fell to the Allies. 

Oct. 27 — Austria sued for peace. 

Oct. 28 — Italians crossed the Piave. 

Oct. 29 — Serbians reached the Danube. 

Oct. 30 — Turkey granted Armistice. 

Nov. 1 — Versailles Conference opened. 

Nov. 2 — British at Valenciennes. 

Nov. 3 — Austria surrenders. Kiel mutiny. 

Nov. 4 — Versailles armistice agreement. 

Nov. 5 — Armistice powers for Marshal Foch. 
Mr. Wilson's last note to Germany. 

Nov. 6 — Americans reached Sedan. 

Nov. 7 — Bavarian Republic proclaimed. 

Nov. 9 — Foch received German envoys. Ab- 
dication of the Kaiser. Chancellor Prince 
Max resigned. Berlin revolution. 

Nov. 10 — Kaiser's flight to Holland. British 
at Mons. 

Nov. 11 — Armistice terms accepted by Ger- 
many. 

— From New York Times Current History 



85 



REPORT OF GENERAL PERSHING TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR 

November 20, 1918 
My Dear Mr. Secretary: 

In response to your request, I have the honor to submit this brief summary of the organiza- 
tion and operations of the American Expeditionary Force from May 26, 1917, until the signing 
of the armistice November 11, 1918. 

Pursuant to your instructions, immediately upon receiving my orders I selected a small staff 
and proceeded to Europe in order to become familiar with conditions at the earliest possible 
moment. 

The warmth of our reception in England and France was only equalled by the readiness of 
the Commanders-in-Chief of the veteran armies of the Allies and their staffs to place their experi- 
ence at our disposal. In consultation with them the most effective means of co-operation of 
effort was considered. With French and British armies at their maximum strength, and all 
efforts to dispossess the enemy from his firmly entrenched positions in Belgium and France failed, 
it was necessary to plan for an American force adequate to turn the scale in favor of the Allies. 
Taking account of the strength of the Central Powers at that time, the immensity of the problem 
which confronted us could hardly be overestimated. The first requisite being an organization 
that could give intelligent direction to effort, the formation of a General Staff occupied my early 
attention. 

GENERAL STAFF 
A well organized General Staff through which the commander exercises his functions is es- 
sential to a successful modern army. However capable our division, our batallion, and our 
companies as such, success would be impossible without thoroughly co-ordinated endeavor. 
A General Staff broadly organized and trained for war had not hitherto existed in our Army. 
Under the Commander-in-Chief, this staff must carry out the policy and direct the details of 
administration, supply, preparation, and operations of the Army as a whole, with all special 
branches and bureaus subject to its control. As models to aid us we had the veteran French General 
Staff and the experience of the British who had similarly formed an organization to meet the de- 
mands of a great army. By selecting from each the features best adapted to our basic organi- 
zation, and fortified by our own early experience in the war, the development of our great General 
Staff system was completed. 

The General Staff is naturally divided into five groups, each with its chief who is an assistant 
to the Chief of the General Staff. G. 1 is in charge of organization and equipment of troops, 
replacements, tonnage, priority of overseas shipment, the auxiliary welfare association and cog- 
nate subjects; G. 2 has censorship, enemy intelligence, gathering and disseminating information, 
preparation of maps, and all similar subjects; G. 3 is charged with all strategic studies and plans, 
movement of troops, and the supervision of combat operations; G. 4 co-ordinates important ques- 
tions of supply, construction, transport arrangements for combat, and of the operations of the 
service of supply, and of hospitalization and the evacuation of the sick and wounded; G. 5 super- 
vises the various schools and has general direction and co-ordination of education and training. 

The first Chief of Staff was Col. (now Maj. Gen.) James G. Harbord, who was succeeded 
in May, 1918, by Maj. Gen. James W. McAndrew. To these officers, to the Deputy Chief of 
Staff, and to the assistant Chiefs of Staff, who, as heads of sections, aided them, great credit is 
due for the results obtained not only in perfecting the General Staff organization, but in applying 
correct principles to the multiplicity of problems that have arisen. 

ORGANIZATION AND TRAINING 

After a thorough consideration of allied organizations it was decided that our combat division 
should consist of four regiments of infantry of 3,000 men, with three battalions to a regiment 
and four companies of 250 men each to a battalion, and of an artillery brigade of three regiments, 
a machine-gun battalion, an engineer regiment, a trench-mortar battery, a signal battalion, 
wagon trains, and the headquarters staffs and military police. These, with medical and other 
units, made a total of over 28,000 men, or practically double the size of a French or German 
division. Each corps would normally consist of six divisions — four combat and one depot and 
one replacement division — and also two regiments of cavalry, and each army of from three to 
five corps. With four divisions fully trained, a corps could take over an American sector with 
two divisions in line and two in reserve, with the depot and replacement divisions prepared to 
fill the gaps in the ranks. 

Our purpose was to prepare an integral American force which should be able to take the offen- 
sive in every respect. Accordingly, the development of a self-reliant infantry by thorough drill 
in the use of the rifle and in the tactics of open warfare was always uppermost. The plan of train- 
ing after arrival in France allowed a division one month for acclimatization and instruction in 
small units from battalions down, a second month in quiet trench sectors by battalion, and a third 
month after it came out of the trenches when it should be trained as a complete division in war 
of movement. 



Very early a system of schools was outlined and started, which should have the advantage 
of instruction by officers direct from the front. At the great school center at Langres, one of 
the first to be organized, was the staff school, where the principles of general staff work, as laid 
down in our own organization, were taught to carefully selected officers. Men in the ranks who 
had shown qualities of leadership were sent to the school of candidates for commissions. A 
school of the line taught officers the principles of leadership, tactics, and the use of the different 
weapons. In the artillery school, at Saumur, young officers were taught the fundamental prin- 
ciples of modern artillery; while at Issoudun an immense plant was built for training cadets in 
aviation. These and other schools, with their well-considered curriculums for training in every 
branch of our organization, were co-ordinated in a manner best to develop an efficient Army out 
of willing and industrious young men, many of whom had not before known even the rudiments 
of military technique. Both Marshal Haig and General Petain placed officers and men at our 
disposal for instructional purposes, and we are deeply indebted for the opportunities given to 
profit by their veteran experience. 

AMERICAN ZONE 

The eventual place the American Army should take on the western front was to a large 
extent influenced by the vital questions of communication and supply. The northern ports of 
France were crowded by the British Armies, shipping and supplies while the southern ports, 
though otherwise at our service, had not adequate port facilities for our purposes and these we 
should have to build. The already overtaxed railway system behind the active front in northern 
France would not be available for us as lines of supply and those leading from the southern ports 
of northeastern France would be unequal to our needs without much new construction. Prac- 
tically all warehouses, supply depots and regulating stations must be provided by fresh construc- 
tions. While France offered us such material as she had to spare after a drain of three years, 
enormous quantities of material had to be brought across the Atlantic. 

With such a problem any temporization or lack of definiteness in making plans might cause 
failure even with victory within our grasp. Moreover, broad plans commensurate with our 
national purpose and resources would bring conviction of our power to every soldier in the front 
line, to the nations associated with us in the war, and to the enemy. The tonnage for material 
for necessary construction for the supply of an army of three and perhaps four million men would 
require a mammoth program of shipbuilding at home, and miles of dock construction in France, 
with a correspondingly large project for additional railways and for storage depots. 

All these considerations led to the inevitable conclusion that if we were to handle and supply 
the great forces deemed essential to win the war we must utilize the southern ports of France — 
Bordeaux, La Pallice, St. Nazaire, and Brest — and the comparatively unused railway systems 
leading therefrom to the northeast. Generally speaking, then, this would contemplate the use 
of our forces against the enemy somewhere in that direction, but the great depots of supply must 
be centrally located, preferably in the area included by Tours, Bourges, and Chateauroux, so 
that our armies could be supplied with equal facility wherever they might be serving on the west- 
ern front. 

GROWTH OF THE SERVICE OF SUPPLY 

To build up such a system there were talented men in the Regular Army, but more experts 
were necessary than the Army could furnish. Thanks to the patriotic spirit of our people at home, 
there came from civil life men trained for every sort of work involved in building and managing 
the organization necessary to handle and transport such an army and keep it supplied. With 
such assistance the construction and general development of our plans have kept pace with the 
growth of the forces, and the Service of Supply is now able to discharge from ships and move 
45,000 tons daily, besides transporting troops and material in the conduct of active operations. 

As to organization, all the administrative and supply services, except the Adjutant General's, 
Inspector General's and Judge Advocate General's Departments, which remain at general head- 
quarters, have been transferred to the headquarters of the Service of Supply at Tours under a 
commanding general responsible to the Commander-in-Chief for supply of the armies. The Chief 
Quartermaster, Chief Surgeon, Chief Signal Officer, Chief of Ordnance, Chief of Air Service, 
Chief of Chemical Warfare, the general purchasing agent in all that pertains to questions of 
procurement and supply, the Provost Marshal General in the maintenance of order in general, 
the Director General of Transportation in all that affects such matters, and the Chief Engineer 
in all matters of administration and supply, are subordinate to the Commanding General of the 
Service of Supply, who, assisted by a staff especially organized for the purpose, is charged with 
the administrative co-ordination of all these services. 

The transportation department under the Service of Supply directs the operation, main- 
tenance, and construction of railways, the operation of terminals, the unloading of ships, and 
transportation of material to warehouses or to the front. Its functions make necessary the most 
intimate relationship between our organization and that of the French, with the practical result 
that our transportation department has been able to improve materially the operations of rail- 
ways generally. Constantly laboring under a shortage of rolling stock, the transportation de- 
partment has nevertheless been able by efficient management to meet every emergency. 



117 



The Engineer Corps is charged with all construction, including light railways and roads. It 
has planned and constructed the many projects required, the most important of which are the 
new wharves at Bordeaux and Nantes, and the immense storage depots at La Pallice, Montoir 
and Gievres, besides innumerable hospitals and barracks in various ports of France. These 
projects have all been carried on by phases keeping pace with our needs. The Forestry Service 
under the Engineer Corps has cut the greater part of the timber and railway ties required. 

To meet the shortage of supplies from America, due to lack of shipping, the representatives 
of the different supply departments were constantly in search of available material and supplies 
in Europe. In order to co-ordinate these purchases and to prevent competition between our 
departments, a general purchasing agency was created early in our experience to co-ordinate 
our purchases and, if possible, induce our Allies to apply the principle among the Allied armies. 
While there was no authority for the general use of appropriations, this was met by grouping 
the purchasing representatives of the different departments under one control, charged with the 
duty of consolidating requisitions and purchases. Our efforts to extend the principle have been 
signally successful, and all purchases for the Allied armies are now on an equitable and co-oper- 
ative basis. Indeed, it may be said that the work of this bureau has been thoroughly efficient 
and businesslike. 

ARTILLERY, AIRPLANES AND TANKS 

Our entry into the war found us with few of the auxiliaries necessary for its conduct in the 
modern sense. Among our most important deficiences in material were artillery, aviation and 
tanks. In order to meet our requirements as rapidly as possible, we accepted the offer of the 
French Government to provide us with the necessary artillery equipment of seventy-fives, one- 
fifty-five millimeter howitzers, and one-fifty-five G P F guns from their own factories for thirty 
divisions. The wisdom of this course is fully demonstrated by the fact that, although we soon 
began the manufacture of these classes of guns at home, there were no guns of the calibers men- 
tioned manufactured in America on our front at the date the armistice was signed. The only 
guns of these types produced at home thus far received in France are 109 seventy-five millimeter 
guns. 

In aviation we were in the same situation, and here again the French Government came to 
our aid until our own aviation program should be under way. We obtained from the French the 
necessary planes for training our personnel, and they have provided us with a total of 2,676 
pursuit, observation, and bombing planes. The first airplanes received from home arrived in 
May, and altogether we have received 1,379. The first American squadron completely equipped 
by American production, including airplanes, crossed the German lines on August 7, 1918. As 
to tanks, we were also compelled to rely upon the French. Here, however, we were less fortu- 
nate, for the reason that the French production could barely meet the requirements of their 
own armies. 

It should be fully realized that the French Government has always taken a most liberal atti- 
tude and has been most anxious to give us every possible assistance in meeting our deficiences 
in these as well as in other respects. Our dependence upon France for artillery, aviation and 
tanks was, of course, due to the fact that our industries had not been exclusively devoted to 
military production. All credit is due our own manufacturers for their efforts to meet our re- 
quirements, as at the time the armistice was signed we were able to look forward to the early 
supply of practically all our necessities from our own factories. 

The welfare of the troops touches my responsibility as Commander-in-Chief to the mothers 
and fathers and kindred of the men who came to France in the impressionable period of youth. 
They could not have the privilege accorded European soldiers during their periods of leave of 
visiting their families and renewing their home ties. Fully realizing that the standard of con- 
duct that should be established for them must have a permanent influence in their lives and on 
the character of their future citizenship, the Red Cross, the Young Men's Christian Association, 
Knights of Columbus, the Salvation Army, and the Jewish Welfare Board, as auxiliaries in this 
work, were encouraged in every possible way. The fact that our soldiers, in a land of different 
customs and language, have borne themselves in a manner in keeping with the cause for which 
they fought, is due not only to the efforts in their behalf, but much more to other high ideals, 
their discipline, and their innate sense of self-respect. It should be recorded, however, that the 
members of these welfare societies have been untiring in their desire to be of real service to our 
officers and men. The patriotic devotion of these representative men and women has given a 
new significance to the Golden Rule, and we owe to them a debt of gratitude that can never be 
repaid. 

COMBAT OPERATIONS 

During our periods of training in the trenches some of our divisions had engaged the enemy 
in local combats, the most important of which was Seicheprey by the Twenty-sixth on April 20, 
in the Toul sector, but none had participated in action as a unit. The First division, which had 
passed through the preliminary stages of training, had gone to the trenches for its first period of 
instruction at the end of October and by March 21, when the German offensive in Picardy began, 
we had four divisions with experience in the trenches, all of which were equal to any demands of 
battle action. The crisis which this offensive developed was such that our occupation of an 
American sector must be postponed. 



68 



On March 28th I placed at the disposal of Marshal Foch, who had been agreed upon as 
Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies, all of our forces, to be used as he might decide. At 
his request the First Division was transferred from the Toul sector to a position in reserve at 
Chaumont en Vexin. As German superiority in numbers required prompt action, an agreement 
was reached at the Abbeville conference of the Allied premiers and commanders and myself on 
May 2 by which British shipping was to transport 10 American divisions to the British Army area, 
where they were to be trained and equipped, and additional British shipping was to be provided 
for as many divisions as possible for use elsewhere. 

On April 26 the First Division had gone into the line in the Montdidier salient on the Picardy 
battle front. Tactics had been suddenly revolutionized to those of open warfare, and our men, 
confident of the results of their training, were eager for the test. On the morning of May 28 this 
division attacked the commanding German position in its front, taking with splendid dash the 
town of Cantigny and all other objectives, which were organized and held steadfastly against 
vicious counterattacks and galling artillery fire. Although local, this brilliant action had an elec- 
trical effect, as it demonstrated our fighting qualities under extreme battle conditions, and also 
that the enemy's troops were not altogether invincible. 

The German Aisne offensive, which began on May 27, had advanced rapidly toward the 
River Marne and Paris, and the Allies faced a crisis equally as grave as that of the Picardy offen- 
sive in March. Again every available man was placed at Marshal Foch's disposal, and the Third 
Division, which had just come from its preliminary training in the trenches, was hurried to the 
Marne. Its motorized machine-gun battalion preceded the other units and successfully held the 
bridgehead at the Marne, opposite Chateau-Thierry. The Second Division, in reserve near Mont- 
didier, was sent by motor trucks and other available transport to check the progress of the enemy 
toward Paris. The division attacked and retook the town and railroad station at Bouresches 
and sturdily held its ground against the enemy's best guard divisions. In the battle of Belleau 
Wood, which followed, our men proved their superiority and gained a strong tactical position, with 
far greater loss to the enemy than to ourselves. On July 1, before the Second was relieved, it 
captured the village of Vaux with most splendid precision. 

Meanwhile our Second Corps, under Maj. Gen. George W. Read, had been organized for 
the command of our divisions with the British, which were held back in training areas or assigned 
to second-line defenses. Five of the ten divisions were withdrawn from the British area in June, 
three to relieve divisions in Lorraine and the Vosges and two to the Paris area to join the group 
of American divisions which stood between the city and any farther advance of the enemy in 
that direction. 

The great June-July troop movement from the States was well under way, and, although 
these troops were to be given some preliminary training before being put into action, their very 
presence warranted the use of all the older divisions in the confidence that we did not lack reserves. 
Elements of the Forty-second Division were in the line east of Rheims against the German offen- 
sive of July 15, and held their ground unflinchingly. On the right flank of this offensive four 
companies of the Twenty-eighth Division were in position in face of the advancing waves of the 
German infantry. The Third Division was holding the bank of the Marne from the bend east 
of the mouth of the Surmelin to the west of Mezy, opposite Chateau-Thierry, where a large force 
of German infantry sought to force a passage under support of powerful artillery concentrations 
and under cover of smoke screens. A single regiment of the Third wrote one of the most brilliant 
pages in our military annals on this occasion. It prevented the crossing at certain points on its 
front while, on either flank, the Germans, who had gained a footing, pressed forward. Our men, 
firing in three directions, met the Germans' attack with counterattacks at critical points and 
succeeded in throwing two German divisions into complete confusion, capturing 600 prisoners. 

The great force of the German Chateau-Thierry offensive established the deep Marne salient, 
but the enemy was taking chances, and the vulnerability of this pocket to attack might be turned 
to his disadvantage. Seizing this opportunity to support my conviction, every division with 
any sort of training was made available for use in a counter-offensive, The place of honor in 
the thrust toward Soissons on July 18 was given to our First and Second Divisions in company 
with chosen French divisions. Without the usual brief warning of a preliminary bombardment, 
the massed French and American artillery, firing by the map, laid down its rolling barrage at 
dawn while the infantry began its charge. The tactical handling of our troops under these try- 
ing conditions was excellent throughout the action. The enemy brought up large numbers of 
reserves and made a stubborn defense both with machine guns and artillery, but through five 
days' fighting the First Division continued to advance until it had gained the heights above 
Soissons and captured the village of Berzy-le-sec. The Second Division took Repaire farm and 
Vierzy in a very rapid advance and reached a position in front of Tigny at the end of its second 
day. These two divisions captured 7,000 prisoners and over 100 pieces of artillery. 

The Twenty-sixth Division, which, with a French division, was under command of our First 
Corps, acted as a pivot of the movement toward Soissons. On the 18th it took the village of 
Torchy while the Third Division was crossing the Marne in pursuit of the retiring enemy. The 
Twenty-sixth attacked again on the 21st and the enemy withdrew past the Chateau Thierry- 
Soissons road. The Third Division, continuing its progress, took the heights of Mont St. Pere 
and the villages of Charteves and Jaulgonne in the face of both machine-gun and artillery fire. 



(','.) 



On the 24th, after the Germans had fallen back from Trugny and Epieds, our Forty-second 
Division, which had been brought over from the Champagne, relieved the Twenty-sixth and, 
fighting its way through the Foret de Fere, overwhelmed the nest of machine guns in its path. 
By the 27th it had reached the Ourcq, whence the Third and Fourth Divisions were already ad- 
vancing, while the French divisions with which we were co-operating were moving forward at 
other points. 

The Third Division had made its advance into Roncheres Wood on the 29th and was relieved 
for rest by a brigade of the Thirty-second. The Forty-second and Thirty-second undertook the 
task of conquering the heights beyond Cierges, the Forty-second capturing Sergy and the Thirty- 
second capturing Hill 230, both American divisions joining in the pursuit of the enemy to the 
Vesle, and thus the operation of reducing the salient was finished. Meanwhile the Forty-second 
was relieved by the Fourth at Chery-Chartreuve, and the Thirty-second by the Twenty-eighth, 
while the Seventy-seventh took up a position on the Vesle. The operations of these divisions on 
the Vesle were under the Third Corps, Maj. Gen. Robert L. Bullard, commanding. 

BATTLE OF ST. MIHIEL 

With the reduction of the Marne salient we could look forward to the concentration of our 
divisions in our own zone. In view of the forthcoming operation against the St. Mihiel salient, 
which had long been planned as our first offensive action on a large scale, the First Army was 
organized on August 10th under my personal command. While American units had held different 
divisional and corps sectors along the western front, there had not been up to this time, for obvious 
reasons, a distinct American sector; but, in view of the important parts the American forces were 
now to play, it was necessary to take over a permanent portion of the line. Accordingly, on 
August 30, the line beginning at Port sur Seille, east of the Moselle and extending to the west 
through St. Mihiel, thence north to a point opposite Verdun, was placed under my command. 
The American sector was afterwards extended across the Meuse to the western edge of the Argonne 
Forest, and included the Second Colonial French, which held the point of the salient, and the 
Seventeenth French Corps, which occupied the heights above Verdun. 

The preparation for a complicated operation against the formidable defenses in front of us 
included the assembling of divisions and of corps and army artillery, transport, aircraft, tanks, 
ambulances, the location of hospitals, and the moulding together of all the elements of a great 
modern army with its own railheads, supplied directly by our own Service of Supply. The con- 
centration for this operation, which was to be a surprise, involved the movement, mostly at night, 
of approximately 600,000 troops, and required for its success the most careful attention to every 
detail. 

The French were generous in giving us assistance in corps and army artillery, with its per- 
sonnel, and we were confident from the start of our superiority over the enemy in guns of all 
calibers. Our heavy guns were able to reach Metz and to interfere seriously with German rail 
movements. The French Independent Air Force was placed under my command, which, to- 
gether with the British bombing squadrons and our air forces, gave us the largest assembly of 
aviation that had ever been engaged in one operation on the western front. 

From Les Eparges around the nose of the salient at St. Mihiel to the Moselle River the line 
was roughly 40 miles long and situated on commanding ground greatly strengthened by arti- 
ficial defenses. Our First Corps (Eighty-second, Ninetieth, Fifth and Second Divisions) under 
command of Maj. Gen. Hunter Liggett, restrung its right on Pont-a-Mousson, with its left join- 
ing our Third Corps (the Eighty-ninth, Forty-second and First Divisions), under Maj. Gen. 
Joseph T. Dickman, in line to Xivray, and was to swing in toward Vigneulles on the pivot of the Mo- 
selle River for the initial assault. From Xivray to Mouilly the Second Colonial French Corps 
was in line in the center and our Fifth Corps, under command of Maj. Gen. George H. Cameron, 
with our Twenty-sixth Division and a French division at the western base of the salient, were 
to attack three difficult hills — Les Eparges, Combres and Amaramthe. Our First Corps had in 
reserve the Seventy-eighth Division, our Fourth Corps the Third Division, and our First Army 
the Thirty-fifth and Ninety-first Divisions, with the Eightieth and Thirty-third available. It 
should be understood that our corps organizations are very elastic, and that we have at no time 
had permanent assignments of divisions to corps. 

After four hours of artillery preparation, the seven American divisions in the front line 
advanced at 5 a. m., on September 12th, assisted by a limited number of tanks manned partly 
by Americans and partly by French. These divisions, accompanied by groups of wire cutters 
and others armed with bangalore torpedoes, went through the successive bands of barbed wire 
that protected the enemy's front line and support trenches, in irresistible waves on schedule time, 
breaking down all defense of an enemy demoralized by the great volume of our artillery fire and 
our sudden approach out of the fog. 

Our First Corps advanced to Thiaucourt, while our Fourth Corps curved back to the south- 
west through Nonsard. The Second Colonial French Corps made the slight advance required 
of it on very difficult ground, and the Fifth Corps took its three ridges and repulsed a counter attack. 
A rapid march brought reserve regiments of a Division of the Fifth Corps into Vigneulles in the 
early morning, where it linked up with patrols of our Fourth Corps, closing the salient and form- 
ing a new line west of Thiaucourt to Vigneulles and beyond Fresnes-en-Woevre. At the cost of 
only 7,000 casualties, mostly light, we had taken 16,000 prisoners and 443 guns, a great quantity 
of material, released the inhabitants of many villages from enemy domination, and established 
our lines in a position to threaten Metz. This signal success of the American First Army in its 
first offensive was of prime importance. The Allies found they had a formidable army to aid 
them, and the enemy learned finally that he had one to reckon with. 



70 



MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE; FIRST PHASE 

On the day after we had taken the St. Mihiel salient, much of our Corps and Army artillery 
which had operated at St. Mihiel, and our Divisions in reserve at other points, were already on 
the move toward the area back of the line between the Meuse River and the western edge of the 
Forest of Argonne. With the exception of St. Mihiel, the old German front line from Switzer- 
land to the east of Rheims was still intact. In the general attack all along the line, the operation 
assigned the American Army as the hinge of this Allied offensive was directed toward the important 
railroad communications of the German armies through Mezieres and Sedan. The enemy must 
hold fast to this part of his lines or the withdrawal of his forces with four years' accumulation of 
plants and materials would be dangerously imperiled. 

The German Army had as yet shown no demoralization and, while the mass of its troops 
had suffered in morale, its first-class divisions and notably its machine-gun defense were exhibit- 
ing remarkable tactical efficiency as well as courage. The German General Staff was fully aware 
of the consequences of a success on the Meuse-Argonne line. Certain that he would do every- 
thing in his power to oppose us, the action was planned with as much secrecy as possible and was 
undertaken with the determination to use all our Divisions in forcing a decision. We expected 
to draw the best German divisions to our front and to consume them while the enemy was held 
under grave apprehension lest our attack should break his line, which it was our firm purpose 
to do. 

Our right flank was protected by the Meuse, while our left embraced the Argonne forest, 
whose ravines, hills and elaborate defense screened by dense thickets had been generally con- 
sidered impregnable. Our order of battle from right to left was the Third Corps from the Meuse 
to Malancourt, with the Thirty-third, Eightieth and Fourth Divisions in line, and the Third 
Division as corps reserve; the Fifth Corps from Malancourt to Vauquois, with the Seventy-ninth, 
Eighty-seventh and Ninety-first Divisions in line, and the Thirty-second in corps reserve; and 
the First Corps, from Vauquois to Vienne Le Chateau, with Thirty-fifth, Twenty-eighth and Sev- 
enty-seventh Divisions in line and the Ninety-second in corps reserve. The Army reserve con- 
sisted of the First, Twenty-ninth and Eighty-second Divisions. 

On the night of September 25th our troops quietly took the place of the French who thinly 
held the line in this sector which had long been inactive. In the attack which began on the 26th 
we drove through the barbed wire entanglements and the sea of shell craters across No Man's 
Land, mastering all the first-line defenses. Continuing on the 27th and 28th, against machine 
guns and artillery of an increasing number of enemy reserve divisions, we penetrated to a depth 
of from 3 to 7 miles, and took the village of Montfaucon and its commanding hill and Exermont, 
Gercourt, Cuisy, Septsarges, Malancourt, Ivoiry, Epinonville, Charpentry, Very, and other 
villages. East of the Meuse one of our Divisions, which was with the Second Colonial French 
Corps, captured Marcheville and Rieville, giving further protection to the flank of our main body. 
We had taken 10,000 prisoners, we had gained our point of forcing the battle into the open and 
were prepared for the enemy's reaction, which was bound to come, as he had good roads and ample 
railroad facilities for bringing up his artillery and reserves. 

In the chill rain of dark nights our engineers had to build new roads across spongy, shell-torn 
areas, repair broken roads beyond No Man's Land, and build bridges. Our gunners, with no 
thought of sleep, put their shoulders to wheels and dragropes to bring their guns through the mire 
in support of the infantry, now under the increasing fire of the enemy's artillery. Our attack 
had taken the enemy by surprise, but, quickly recovering himself, he began to fire counter-attacks 
in strong force, supported by heavy bombardments, with large quantities of gas. From Septem- 
ber 28th until October 4th we maintained the offensive against patches of woods defended by 
snipers and continuous lines of machine guns, and pushed forward our guns and transport, seizing 
strategical points in preparation for further attacks. 

OTHER UNITS WITH ALLIES 

Other Divisions attached to the Allied armies were doing their part. It was the fortune of 
our Second Corps, composed of the Twenty-seventh and Thirtieth Divisions, which had remained 
with the British, to have a place of honor in cooperation with the Australian Corps on September 
29th and October 1st in the assault on the Hindenburg line where the St. Quentin Canal passes 
through a tunnel under a ridge. The Thirtieth Division speedily broke through the main line 
of defense for all its objectives, while the Twenty-seventh pushed on impetuously through the 
main line until some of its elements reached Gouy. In the midst of the maze of trenches and 
shell craters and under cross fire from machine guns, the other elements fought desperately against 
odds. In this and in later actions, from October 6th to October 19th, our Second Corps captured 
over 6,000 prisoners and advanced over 13 miles. The spirit and aggressiveness of these Divisions 
have been highly praised by the British Army commander under whom they served. 

On October 2-9 our Second and Thirty-sixth Divisions were sent to assist the French in an 
important attack against the old German positions before Rheims. The Second conquered the 
complicated defense works on their front against a persistent defense worthy of the grimmest 
period of trench warfare and attacked the strongly held wooded hill of Blanc Mont, which they 
captured in a second assault, sweeping over it with consummate dash and skill. This Division 
then repulsed strong counter attacks before the village and cemetery of Ste. Etienne and took 
the town, forcing the Germans to fall back from before Rheims and yield positions they had held 
since September, 1914. On October 9th the Thirty-sixth Division relieved the Second and, in 
its first experience under fire, withstood very severe artillery bombardment and rapidly took 
up the pursuit of the enemy, now retiring behind the Aisne. 



71 



MEUSE-ARGONNE OFFENSIVE, SECOND PHASE 

The Allied progress elsewhere cheered the efforts of our men in this crucial contest as the 
German command threw in more and more first-class troops to stop our advance. We made 
steady headway in the almost impenetrable and strongly held Argonne Forest, for, despite this 
reinforcement, it was our Army that was doing the driving. Our aircraft was increasing in skill 
and numbers and forcing the issue, and our Infantry and Artillery were improving rapidly with 
each new experience. The replacements fresh from home were put into exhausted divisions with 
little time for training, but they had the advantage of serving beside men who knew their business 
and who had almost become veterans over night. The enemy had taken every advantage of 
the terrain, which especially favored the defense, by a prodigal use of machine guns manned by 
highly trained veterans and by using his artillery at short ranges. In the face of such strong 
frontal positions we should have been unable to accomplish any progress according to previously 
accepted standards, but I had every confidence in our aggressive tactics and the courage of our 
troops. 

On October 4th the attack was renewed all along our front. The Third Corps tilting to the 
left followed the Brieulles-Cunel road ; our Fifth Corps took Gesnes, while the First Corps advanced 
for over two miles along the irregular valley of the Aire River and in the wooded hills of the Ar- 
gonne that bordered the river, used by the enemy with all his art and weapons of defense. This 
sort of fighting continued against an enemy striving to hold every foot of ground and whose very 
strong counter-attacks challenged us at every point. On the 7th the First Corps captured 
Chatel-Chehery and continued along the river to Cornay. On the east of Meuse sector one of 
the two Divisions cooperating with the French captured Consenvoye and the Haumont Woods. 
On the 9th the Fifth Corps, in its progress up the Aire, took Fleville, and the Third Corps which 
had continuous fighting against odds was working its way through Brieulles and Cunel. On the 
10th we had cleared the Argonne Forest of the enemy. 

It was now necessary to constitute a second army, and on October 9th the immediate com- 
mand of the First Army was turned over to Lieut. Gen. Hunter Liggett. The command of the 
Second Army, whose divisions occupied a sector in the Woevre, was given to Lieut. Gen. Robert 
L. Bullard, who had been commander of the First Division and then of the Third Corps. Maj. 
Gen. Dickman was transferred to the command of the First Corps, while the Fifth Corps was 
placed under Maj. Gen. Charles P. Summerall, who had recently commanded the First Division. 
Maj. Gen. John L. Hines, who had gone rapidly up from regimental to division commander, was 
assigned to the Third Corps. These four officers had been in France from the early days of the 
expedition and had learned their lessons in the school of practical warfare. 

Our constant pressure against the enemy brought day by day more prisoners, mostly survi- 
vors from machine-gun nests captured in fighting at close quarters. On October 18th there was 
very fierce fighting in the Carues Woods east of the Meuse and in the Ormont Woods. On the 
14th the First Corps took St. Juvin, and the Fifth Corps, in hand-to-hand encounters, entered 
the formidable Kriemhilde line, where the enemy had hoped to check us indefinitely. Later 
the Fifth Corps penetrated further the Kriemhilde line, and the First Corps took Champigneulles 
and the important town of Grandpre. Our dogged offensive was wearing down the enemy, who 
continued desperately to throw his best troops against us, thus weakening his line in front of our 
Allies and making their advance less difficult. 

DIVISIONS IN BELGIUM 
Meanwhile we were not only able to continue the battle, but our Thirty-seventh and Ninety- 
first Divisions were hastily withdrawn from our front and dispatched to help the French Army 
in Belgium. Detraining in the neighborhood of Ypres, these Divisions advanced by rapid stages 
to the fighting line and were assigned to adjacent French Corps. On October 31, in continua- 
tion of the Flanders offensive, they attacked and methodically broke down all enemy resistance. 
On November 3rd the Thirty-seventh had completed its mission in dividing the enemy across 
the Escaut River and firmly established itself along the east bank included in the division zone 
of action. By a clever flanking movement troops of the Ninety-first Division captured Spitaals 
Bosschen, a difficult wood extending across the central part of the division sector, reached the 
Escaut, and penetrated into the town of Audenarde. These divisions received high commenda- 
tion from their corps commanders for their dash and energy. 

MEUSE-ARGONNE— LAST PHASE 

On the 23d the Third and Fifth Corps pushed northward to the level of Bantheville. While 
we continued to press forward and throw back the enemy's violent counter-attacks with great 
loss to him, a regrouping of our forces was under way for the final assault. Evidences of loss of 
morale by the enemy gave our men more confidence in attack and more fortitude in enduring 
the fatigue of incessant effort and the hardships of very inclement weather. 

With comparatively well-rested divisions, the final advance in the Meuse-Argonne front was 
begun on November 1. Our increased artillery force acquitted itself magnificently in support of 
the advance, and the enemy broke before the determined infantry, which, by its persistent fighting 
of the past weeks and the dash of this attack had overcome his will to resist. The Third Corps 
took Aincreville, Doulcon and Andevanne, and the Fifth Corps took Landres et St. Georges and 
pressed through successive lines of resistance to Bayonville and Chennery. On the 2d the First 
Corps joined in the movement, which now became an impetuous onslaught that could not be 
stayed. 



On the 3d, advance troops surged forward in pursuit, some by motor trucks, while the artil- 
lery pressed along the country roads close behind. The First Corps reached Authe and Chatillon- 
sur-Bar, the Fifth Corps, Fosse and Nouart, and the Third Corps, Halles, penetrating the enemy's 
line to a depth of 12 miles. Our large caliber guns had advanced and were skillfully brought into 
position to fire upon the important lines at Montmedy, Longuyon and Conflans. Our Third 
Corps crossed the Meuse on the 5th, and the other corps, in the full confidence that the day was 
theirs, eagerly cleared the way of machine guns as they swept northward, maintaining complete 
coordination throughout. On the 6th, a division of the first Corps reached a point on the Meuse 
opposite Sedan, 25 miles from our line of departure. The strategical goal which was our highest 
hope was gained. We had cut the enemy's main line of communications, and nothing but sur- 
render or an armistice could save his army from complete disaster. 

In all, 40 enemy divisions had been used against us in the Meuse-Argonne battle. Between 
September 26th and November 6th we took 26,059 prisoners and 468 guns on this front. Our 
Divisions engaged were the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-eighth, 
Twenty-ninth, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-seventh, Forty-second, Seventy- 
seventh, Seventy-eighth, Seventy-ninth, Eightieth, Eighty-second, Eighty-ninth, Ninetieth and 
Ninety-first. Many of our divisions remained in line for a length of time that required nerves 
of steel, while others were sent in again after only a few days rest. The First, Fifth, Twenty- 
sixth, Forty-second, Seventy-seventh, Eightieth, Eighty-ninth and Ninetieth were in the line 
twice. Although some of the divisions were fighting their first battle, they soon became equal 
to the best. 

OPERATIONS EAST OF THE MEUSE 

On the three days preceding November 10, the Third, the Second Colonial and the Seven- 
teenth French Corps fought a difficult struggle through the Meuse Hills south of Stenay and forced 
the enemy into the plain. Meanwhile, my plans for further use of the American forces con- 
templated an advance between the Meuse and the Moselle in the direction of Longwy by the 
First Army, while, at the same time, the Second Army should assure the offensive toward the rich 
iron fields of Briey. These operations were to be followed by an offensive toward Chateau-Salins 
east of the Moselle, thus isolating Metz. Accordingly, attacks on the American front had been 
ordered and that of the Second Army was in progress on the morning of November 11th, when 
instructions were received that hostilities should cease at 11 o'clock, A. M. 

At this moment the line of the American sector, from right to left, began at Port-Sur-Seille, 
thence across the Moselle to Vandieres and through the Woevre to Bezonvaux in the foothills of 
the Meuse, thence along to the foothills and through the northern edge of the Woevre forests to 
the Meuse at Mouzay, thence along the Meuse, connecting with the French -under Sedan. 

RELATIONS WITH THE ALLIES 

Cooperation among the Allies has at all times been most cordial. A far greater effort has 
been put forth by the Allied armies and staffs to assist us than could have been expected. The 
French Government and Army have always stood ready to furnish us with supplies, equipment, 
and transportation and to aid us in every way. In the towns and hamlets wherever our troops 
have been stationed or billeted the French people have everywhere received them more as rela- 
tives and intimate friends than as soldiers of a foreign army. For these things words are quite 
inadequate to express our gratitude. There can be no doubt that the relations growing out of 
our associations here assure a permanent friendship between the two peoples. Although we have 
not been so intimately associated with the people of Great Britain, yet their troops and ours 
when thrown together have always warmly fraternized. The reception of those of our forces 
who have passed through England and of those who have been stationed there has always been 
enthusiastic. Altogether it has been deeply impressed upon us that the ties of language and 
blood bring the British and ourselves together completely and inseparably. 

STRENGTH 

There are in Europe altogether, including a regiment and some sanitary units with the Italian 
Army and the organizations at Murmansk, also including those en route from the States, ap- 
proximately 2,053,347 men, less our losses. Of this total there are in France 1,338,169 combatant 
troops. Forty divisions have arrived, of which the Infantry personnel of 10 have been used as 
replacements, leaving 30 divisions now in France organized into three armies of three corps each. 

The losses of the Americans up to November 18th are: Killed and wounded, 36,145; died 
of disease, 14,811; deaths unclassified, 2,204; wounded, 179,625; prisoners, 2,163; missing, 1,160. 
We have captured about 44,000 prisoners and 1,400 guns, howitzers and trench mortars. 

COMMENDATION 

The duties of the General Staff, as well as those of the Army and Corps Staffs, have been very 
ably performed. Especially is this true when we consider the new and difficult problems with 
which they have been confronted. This body of officers, both as individuals and as an organi- 
zation, have, I believe, no superiors in professional ability, in efficiency, or in loyalty. 

Nothing that we have in France better reflects the efficiency and devotion to duty of Ameri- 
cans in general than the Service of Supply, whose personnel is thoroughly imbued with a patriotic 
desire to do its full duty. They have at all times fully appreciated their responsibility to the 
rest of the Army and the results produced have been most gratifying. 



73 



Our Medical Corps is especially entitled to praise for the general effectiveness of its work 
both in hospital and at the front. Embracing men of high professional attainments, and 
splendid women devoted to their calling and untiring in their efforts, this department has made 
a new record for medical and sanitary proficiency. 

The Quartermaster Department has had difficult and various tasks, but it has more than 
met all demands that have been made upon it. Its management and its personnel have been 
exceptionally efficient and deserve every possible commendation. 

As to the more technical services, the able personnel of the Ordnance Department in France 
has splendidly fulfilled its functions both in procurement and in forwarding the immense quantities 
of ordnance required. The officers and men and the young women of the Signal Corps have per- 
formed their duties with a large conception of the problem and with a devoted and patriotic spirit 
to which the perfection of our communications daily testify. While the Engineer Corps has been 
referred to in another part of this report, it should be further stated that the work has required 
large vision and high professional skill, and great credit is due their personnel for the high pro- 
ficiency that they have constantly maintained. 

Our aviators have no equal in daring or in fighting ability and have left a record of courageous 
deeds that will ever remain a brilliant page in the annals of our Army. While the Tank Corps has 
had limited opportunities its personnel has responded gallantly on every possible occasion and 
has shown courage of the highest order. 

The Adjutant General's Department has been directed with a systematic thoroughness and 
excellence that surpassed any previous work of its kind. The Inspector General's Department 
has risen to the highest standards and throughout has ably assisted commanders in the enforce- 
ment of discipline. The able personnel of the Judge Advocate General's Department has solved 
with judgment and wisdom the multitude of difficult legal problems, many of them involving 
questions of great international importance. 

It would be impossible in this brief preliminary report to do justice to the personnel of all 
the different branches of this organization which I shall cover in detail in a later report. 

The Navy in European waters has at all times most cordially aided the Army, and it is most 
gratifying to report that there has never before been such perfect co-operation between these two 
branches of the service. 

As to Americans in Europe not in the military services, it is the greatest pleasure to say 
that, both in official and in private life, they are intensely patriotic and loyal, and have been 
invariably sympathetic and helpful to the Army. 

Finally, I pay the supreme tribute to our officers and soldiers of the line. When I think of 
their heroism, their patience under hardships, their unflinching spirit of offensive action, I am 
filled with emotion which I am unable to express. Their deeds are immortal, and they have 
earned the eternal gratitude of our country. 

I am, Mr. Secretary, very respectfully, 

JOHN J. PERSHING, 
General, Commander-in-Chief American Expeditionary Forces. 

To the Secretary of War. 



74 



CORPS, DIVISION, INFANTRY BRIGADE AND ARTILLERY 
BRIGADE COMMANDERS, FEBRUARY 1, 1919 

1st. Maj. Gen. Wm. W. Wright, Commanding. 
Brig. Gen. Wm. W. Fassett, Chief of Staff. 
Brig. Gen. Wm. M. Cruikshank, Chief of Artillery. 

2nd. No general officers commanding. 

3rd. Maj. Gen. John L. Hines, Commanding. 
Brig. Gen. Campbell King, Chief of Staff. 

4th. Maj. Gen. Chas. H. Muir, Commanding. 

Brig. Gen. Briant H. Wells, Chief of Staff. 
5th. Maj. Gen. Chas. B. Summerall, Commanding. 

Brig. Gen. Wilson B. Burtt, Chief of Staff. 

6th. Maj. Gen. Adelbert Cronkhite, Commanding. 
Brig. Gen. Albert J. Bowley, Chief of Artillery. 

7th. Maj. Gen. Wm. G. Haan, Commanding. 

8th. Maj. Gen. Henry T. Allen, Commanding. 

9th. Maj. Gen. Jos. E. Kuhn, temporarily commanding. 
Brig. Gen. Wm. K. Naylor, Chief of Staff. 



DIVISIONS 

1st. Maj. Gen. Edw. F. McGlachlin, Jr. 37th. Maj. Gen. 

2nd. Maj. Gen. John M. Lejeune. 40th. Maj. Gen. 

3rd. Maj. Gen. Robt. L. Howze. 41st. Maj. Gen. 

4th. Maj. Gen. Mark L. Hersey. 42nd. Maj. Gen. 

5th. Maj. Gen. Hanson E. Ely. 77th. Maj. Gen. 

6th. Maj. Gen. Walter H. Gordon. 78th. Maj. Gen. 

7th. Maj. Gen. Edmund Wittenmyer. 79th. Maj. Gen. 

26th. Maj. Gen. Harry C. Hale. 80th. Maj. Gen. 

27th. Maj. Gen. John F. O'Ryan. 81st. Maj. Gen. 

28th. Maj. Gen. Wm. H. Hay. 82nd. Maj. Gen. 

29th. Maj. Gen. Chas. H. Muir. 85th. Maj. Gen. 

30th. Maj. Gen. Edw. M. Lewis. 88th. Maj. Gen. 

32nd. Maj. Gen. Wm. Lassiter. 89th. Maj. Gen. 

33rd. Maj. Gen. Geo. Bell, Jr. 90th. Maj. Gen. 

35th. Brig. Gen. Thos. B.Dugan (temporary) 91st. Maj. Gen. 

36th. Maj. Gen. Wm. R. Smith. 92nd. Brig. Gen. 



Chas. S. Strong. 
Fredk. S. Strong. 
Peter E. Traub. 
Clement A. F. Flagler. 
Robert Alexander. 
Jas. H. McRae. 
Jos. E. Kuhn. 
Samuel D. Sturgis. 
Chas. J. Bailey. 
Geo. B. Duncan. 
Chase W. Kennedy. 
Wm. Weigel. 
Frank L. Winn. 
Chas. H. Martin. 
Wm. H. Johnston. 
Jas. B. Erwin. 



INFANTRY BRIGADES 



1st. 

2nd. 

3rd. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 

8th. 

9th. 
10th. 
11th. 
12th. 
13th. 
14th. 
51st. 
52nd. 
53rd. 
54th. 
55th. 



Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 



Louis M. Nuttman. 
Francis C. Marshall. 
Chas. E. Kilbourne. 
Wendell C. Neville. 
Fred W. Sladen. 
Ora E. Hunt. 
Benj. A. Poore. 
Frank E. Bamford. 
Jos. C. Castner. 
Paul B. M alone. 
Wm. R. Dashiell. 
Lucius L. Dufree. 
Alfred W. Bjornstad. 
Lutz Wahl. 
Geo. H. Shelton. 
Chas. H. Cole. 
Chas. I. Debevoise. 
Palmer E. Pierce. 
Wilds P. Richardson. 



56th. 
57th. 
58th. 
59th. 
60th. 
63rd. 
64th. 
65th. 
66th. 
69th. 
70th. 
71st. 
72nd. 
73rd. 
74th. 
79th. 
80th. 
90th. 



Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 



Humbert A. Allen. 
La Roy S. Upton. 
Frank S. Cocheu. 
Lawrence D. Tyson. 
Samuel L. Faison. 
Wm. R. Smedberg, Jr. 
Edwin R. Winans. 
Edw. L. King. 
Paul A. Wolf. 
Thos. W. Darrah. 



Brig. Gen. Pegram Whitworth. 
Brig. Gen. John A. Hulen. 
Brig. Gen. Sanford B. Stanberg. 
Brig. Gen. Wm. P. Jackson. 
Brig. Gen. Alex. M. Tuthill. 
Brig. Gen. Wm. O. Johnson. 
Brig. Gen. Edw. Vollrath. 
Brig. Gen. Frank M. Baldwell. 



75 



Infantry Brigades — Continued 



84th. 
153rd. 
154th. 
155th. 
156th. 
157th. 
158th. 
159th. 
160th. 
161st. 
162nd. 
163rd. 



Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 



Douglas MacArthur. 
Michael J. Lenihan. 
Harrison J. Price. 
Otho B. Rosenbaum. 
Jas. T. Dean. 
John S. Winn. 
Evan M. Johnson. 
Geo. H. Jamerson. 
Lloyd M. Brett. 
Geo. W. Melver. 
Munroe McFarland. 
John J. Bradley. 



164th. 
169th. 
175th. 
176th. 
177th. 
178th. 
179th. 
180th. 
181st. 
182nd. 
183rd. 
184th. 



Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 
Brig. Gen. 



Julian R. Lindsley. 
Geo. D. Moore. 
Merch B. Stewart. 
Wm. D. Beach. 
Herman Hall. 
Geo. C. Barnhardt. 
Jos. P. O'Neill. 
Ulysses G. McAlexander. 
John B. McDonald. 
Vernon A. Caldwell. 
Chas. Gerhardt. 
Albert H. Blanding. 



FIELD ARTILLERY BRIGADES 



1st. 

3rd. 

4th. 

5th. 

6th. 

7th. 
51st. 
52nd. 
53rd. 
54th. 
55th. 
58th. 
60th. 
64th. 
66th. 
67th. 



31st. 



Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 
Brig. 



Gen. Henry VV. Butner. 151st. 

Gen. Harry G. Bishop. 152nd. 

Gen. Edwin B. Babbitt. 153rd. 

Gen. Wm. C. Rivers. 154th. 

Gen. Edw. A. Millar. 155th. 

Gen. Tiemann N. Horn. 156th. 

Gen. Pelham D. Glassford. 157th. 
Gen. Geo. A. Wingate. 

Gen. Wm. G. Price, Jr. 158th. 

Gen. Lucius R. Holbrook. 160th. 

Gen. John W. Kilberth, Jr. 164th. 

Gen. Henry W. Todd, Jr. 165th. 
Gen. Lucien G. Berry. 

Gen. Ira A. Haynes. 166th. 

Gen. Johnson Hagodd. 167th. 



Brig. Gen. Richmond P. Davis. 

Brig. Gen. Manus McCloskey. 

Brig. Gen. Clint O. Hearn. 

Brig. Gen. Andrew Hero, Jr. 

Brig. Gen. Jas. H. Bryson. 

Brig. Gen. Andrew Moses. 

Colonel Harry A. Hegeman, Daniel 

F. Craig. 
Brig. Gen. Adrian S. Fleming. 
Brig. Gen. Guy H. Preston. 
Brig. Gen. Edw. T. Donnelly. 
Brig. Gen. Augustine Mclntyre, 

commanding. 
Brig. Gen. Beverly F. Brown. 
Brig. Gen. John H. Sherburne. 



COAST ARTILLERY BRIGADES 



Brig. Gen. Wm. C. Davis. 

38th. 



34th. Brig. Gen. Daniel VV. Ketcham. 
Brig. Gen. Geo. Blakely. 



MEDALS AND BADGES 

The War Department is preparing and will soon be ready to issue upon 
application, medals and badges for all officers and enlisted men who have served 
honorably in the army at home or abroad at any time between 1861 and the 
close of the World War, 1917-1918. 

Every service man or the relatives of the dead, should apply to the American 
Legion, the Grand Army or other recognized organization or directly to the 
Adjutant General of the U. S. Army at Washington, D. C, for a copy of the 
"Badge and Medal Circular," giving full details and instructions on how these 
awards may be obtained. 



HOW COLONIES HELPED WIN THE WAR 

The following figures show the number of troops contributed by the various 
parts of the British empire during the war: 

British Isles, 5,704,416; Canada, 640,886; Australia, 416,809; New Zea- 
land, 220,099; South Africa, 136,070; India, 1,401,350; other colonies, 134,837. 
The grand total was 3,654,467. 

The casualties of the troops of the British empire are stated as follows: 
British Isles: killed, 662,083; missing or prisoners, 140,312; wounded, 1,644,786. 

Losses of troops from India, Canada, Australia and other parts of the empire 
brought the total to, killed, 851,117; missing and prisoners, 142,057; wounded, 
2,067,442. 

Prisoners repatriated are not included in the foregoing. 



76 



Ameriratt leao in iFrattr? 



NEARLY 70,000 FIGHTERS FROM THIS SIDE OF ATLANTIC 
BURIED IN THIRTY-EIGHT CEMETERIES 



American army officers believe very few unidentified bodies will lie 
among America's soldier dead in France when the army graves registration 
service completes a thorough rechecking of records now in progress. Every 
grave record is being checked against the army's casualty list. Each little 
white cross — or six-pointed star over the Jews — is having an embossed 
aluminum strip placed on the back, duplicating the name, rank and organi- 
zation already painted on the marker. This is being done as a precaution 
against the possibility of winter weather wearing away the stenciled in- 
formation. 

Nearly 70,000 American boys are buried in the eleven districts of France, 
the Belgian battlefields and the duchy of Luxemburg. There are 38 ceme- 
teries of 300 or more graves, cared for by discharged soldiers. The largest 
of these is Romagne, north of Verdun, where lie 23,000 of our men. The 
next in size is that at Thiacourt, with 4,500 graves. Many of those who fell 
in battle are sleeping in British and French military or the French communal 
cemeteries. A few were left where they were first put in the ground, as in 
the Vosges mountains. 

All graves are under the care of the commanding graves officer in the 
eleven districts, and a caretaker watches over them. Officers make periodical 
inspection. Where practical, grass has been sown on the battle burying 
grounds, and in the spring this work, previously hampered by the task of 
grouping the bodies, will be carried on. 

When the present graves service administration took over headquarters 
in Paris in August, the records were found to contain a list of 12,000 names of 
men buried, but without giving the exact location of the grave. The present 
check includes the compilation of a complete directory of every American 
grave. In the first 18,000 graves recorded, a fourth of these unlocated ones 
were found and properly marked. Inspections of battlefield burying grounds 
have been the slowest, but the American officers said they expected the work, 
when finished, would leave few of those tragic mounds wherein would lie 
an American soldier, "name unknown." 

Many of these are expected to be identified later, when the description 
of the body, marks in the clothing and sometimes a letter from home to 
"Dear Jim," sent back to the War Department, are seen by those who have 
been grieving over their boy listed among the "missing." 

None of the bodies may be returned to the families yet, but mothers 
and fathers have been coming to France to look at the graves of their boys. 
Welfare organizations have organized services to facilitate these visits, and 
at several of the American cemeteries the Young Men's Christian Association 
has provided rest rooms. 



77 



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RICHMOND, VA. 








Having subscribed 


largely to the first edition of this "Honor Roll and 






Family Record" just as 


it was going to press the 


names of the city dead have 






been inserted. 










The names are those furnished the French C 


'ommission who came to the 






United States to personally present that government's beautiful testimonial to 






the families of those who 


made the supreme sacrifice. 






Other cities, states or organizations may have 


their "Honor Roll" in future 






editions by addressing the publisher. 










RICHMOND MEN WHO DIED 




• 


Bartoun Afarian 


James E. Green 


Wm. 1.. Penney 






Adair Archer 


Merle F. Gross 


( lifton L. Perkins 






Lawrence Allen 


James B. Hake 


John W. Parkins 






Newton R. Ancarrow 


Wm. E. Hancock- 


( ieorge A. Parry 






Geo. W. Anderson. Jr. 


Walter Scott Hardy 


Stuart M. Pierce 






Joseph Lee Andrews 


Frank Harlow 


Warren A. Poitiaux 




Andrew W. Arnold 


Tillman W. Harpole 


Clarence H. Pollard 






Clarence F. Ashbrook 


Joseph M. Hatcher 


David W. Powers 






William S. Ashbrook 


David P. Harris 


Foster S. Powell 




Frank Austin Baker 


G. O. Harris 


William I. Priddy 




Arthur W. Bass 


Gilbert Lee Hawley 


Clarence T. Pumphrey 






John W. Black 


Dewey H. Herring 


David L. Powers 






Groves S. Blackburn 


Floyd J. Hetzer 


Richard Perry 






A. Beirne Blair, Jr. 


Joseph R. Hicks 


Harry M. Peaco 






George A. Blundy 


John W. Hobeck 


John W. Quarles 






Eddie R. Bohannon 


Robert M. Higgins 


John E. Rabineau 






Walter L. Bohannon 


Wm. Harry Hobson 


Warrick S. Rabineau 




Reginald St. C. Bosher 


Beaufort Hoen 


John Ralston 






Geo. Y. Bradley. Jr. 


Walter S. Hoen 


Raymond W. Rector 






R. C. Brame 


Fountaine S. Holmes 


Raymond R. Redford 






Claude M. Brooks 


George D. Hopson 


Robert H. Reed 






Clarence A. Bryce 


Francis L. Hord 


Garnet L. Rhoads 






Arthur Burnette 


Wm. K. Hughes 


Percy E. Rieley 






Malcolm Burton 


Frank G. Hulcher 


Samuel Rieley 






Samuel Burnwell 


Thomas B. Inge 


Samuel Robertson 






Herbert Cardona 


Charles Tasper 


Otis F. Robertson 






Albert C Cardona 


Wm. O. Jenkins. Jr. 


Joseph L. Jtobinson 






Joseph D. Carroll 


Hugh M. Jennings 


Cleland K. Ratcliffe 






George A. Cary 


James Eli Johnson 


William Ramsey 






Otho Cash 


Otis L. Jones 


George Rogers 






Robert H. Cawson 


Percy H. Jones 


Garnet L. Rose 






Robert L. Cecil 


Samuel Jones 


B. A. Rtlckcr 




Frank B. Christian 


Bernard Kaufman 


William S. Ruess 






James R. Cleary 


Carroll E. Kay 


Harry M. Richards 






Greayer Clover 


Patrick A. Kennedy 


Anthony Sanyour 






William S. Cobb. Jr. 


Charles O. Kersey 


Thomas B. Sale 






Paul Ashton Cofer 


Leanond S. Klutz. 


Charles B. Sands 






Jacob E. Cohen 


Werner Knutzen 


Maynard B. Satehfield 






James M. Conrad 


Louis B. Koster 


Thomas M. Selbe 






Shem B. Cooke 


Wm. E. Kendall 


William J. Selvey 






Wm. T. Covington 


Horace A. Landrum 


George G. Schutte 






Robert E. Crane 


t .rover Lancaster 


Frank Shaw 






Wm. R. Croswell 


(Juries T. Laws 


Julian C. Snellings 






Arthur S. Curran 


Charles H. Leber 


Samuel Stern 






Jessie M. Currie 


Perley G. Lewter 


Percy L. Stewart 






John V. Carrie 


E. L. Leucherburg 


Leon S. Stilson 






Frank Cutchins 


Willie McCabe 


Curran L. Stoneman 






Powhatan R. Dance 


John M. McClellan 


James R. Stover 






John Daney 


Glen R. McLaughlin 


Melville E. Sullivan 






E. Charles Day 


Irvin T. Mankin 


Edward Smith 






Herbert L. Didlake 


Robert B. Martin 


Howard V. Staples 






Leslie A. Dodge 


Randolph F. Mason 


George M. Smithcrs 






John E. W. Donly 


Harry A. Mathews 


Irving W. Thacker 






James H. Drake. Ir. 


Frank J. Mayo 


lolin C. Thurston 






Willie J. Dugan 


Claude T. Meador 


Frank L. Tignor 






John Dunn 


Warren H. Mercer 


Merrille H. Thome 






James R. Dunn 


Robert L. Merritt 


Oscar R. Thorpe 






Lloyd E. Dillon 


Harry B. Miles 


Henry S. Todd 






Onnie T. Dance 


Roger Milhiser 


Ix>uis Trafferi 






Reuben Ellett 


William B. Miller 


Philip Turner 






Richard A. Evans 


Raymond S. Moore 


Richard B. Todd 






Arthur O. Fitzhugh 


Lloyd S. Moore 


Aubrey V. Valentine 






Walter C. Kord 


Carson H. Morris 


George M. Waddill 






Ivan B. Fowler 


Everett B. Murray 


John Walder 






Raleigh M. Fleet 


Clifford E. Murphy 


John E. Ward 






Francis M. French 


Hubert Murphy 


Corby Weatherford 






John R. Garthright 


Leslie Marcuson 


Benjamin E. Wells 






Charles R. Gates 


Marion D. Mustain 


Archibald Whittle 






David E. Gates 


Clifton 1.. Melton 


( i.i ftl \\ Wev 






Joseph B. Gatewood 


Harry Naples 


William II. White 






John Germon 


George D. Neale 


Edward Williams 






Bernard Gibbs 


Walter W. Newton 


Frank Williams 






L. D. Goodman 


Walter H. O'Conncll 


Harry H. Williams 






Edwin S. Granger 


Harry R. Osborne 


Alonzo H. Wingfield 






Philip T. Glennon 


Ira L. Payne 


Earnest M. Woodward 






Frederick M. Green 


Roland D. IVasl.v 


Win. E. Word. Jr. 






James M. Green 


Taylor Pendleton 


BennieG. Wright 








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■KSSS^^i 





